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AP2 lab review
Notes from Endocrine, Blood and Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When do the Ventricles contract? | During Systole |
| When do the Ventricles relax? | During Diastole |
| What is it called when one complete heartbeat occurs including atrial and ventricular contraction? | Cardiac Cycle |
| When are the AV valves closed? | During Ventricular Systole |
| What event within the heart causes the AV valves to open? | Atrial and Ventricular pressure |
| When are the semilunar valves closed? | During the period of relaxation of the heart as a whole and during atrial contraction |
| Is there any time when both valves are closed at the same time? | Yes |
| When are both valves closed at the same time? | Momentarily after atrial contraction and ventricular systole |
| Is there ever a time when both sets of valves are open? | No |
| At what point of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart at its highest? | Ventricular systole |
| At what point of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart at its lowest? | Ventricular diastole |
| What is the normal length of the cardiac cycle? | 0.8 seconds |
| What is the time interval of atrial systole? | 0.1 seconds |
| What interval is the quiescent period, or pause? | 0.4 seconds |
| What is the interval for ventricular contraction? | 0.3 seconds |
| Sperm Pathway | Testis -> Epididymus -> Vas deferens -> Seminal vesicles ->Urethra |
| located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland |
| found close to the kidney | adrenal gland |
| a mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine | pancreas |
| paired glands suspended in the scrotum | testes |
| Both the endocrine and nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body; however, the nervous system has been compared to an airmail delivery system and the endocrine system to the pony express. Briefly explain this comparison. | The nervous system uses rapidly propagated electrical “messages,” whereas endocrine system “messages” (hormones) are liberated into the blood to travel much more slowly to the target organs. |
| Define hormone | A chemical substance liberated into the extracellular fluid that enters blood for transport throughout the body. |
| Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups | steroids and amino acid–based molecules |
| Define target organ | Organ responding to a particular hormone in a specific way |
| If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don’t all tissues respond to all hormones? | The proper “hormone” receptors must be present on the plasma membrane or within the cells for the tissue cells to respond. |
| ride “horseback” on the thyroid gland | parathyroids |
| found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production | ovaries |
| found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth | thymus |
| found in the roof of the third ventricle | pineal gland |
| Hormones that regulate the function of another endocrine gland | 1. FSH 2. LH 3. ACTH 4. TSH |
| Gland that regulate the function of another endocrine gland | anterior pituitary |
| Maintenance of salt and water balance in the extracellular fluid | 1. aldosterone/adrenal cortex 2. ADH/hypothalamus |
| Directly involved in milk production and ejection | 1. oxytocin/posterior 2. prolactin/anterior |
| Controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation | 1. T3/T4/ thyroid |
| Regulates blood calcium levels | 1. calcitonin/ thyroid 2. PTH/ parathyroid |
| Regulates blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland | 1. insulin 2. glucagon pancreas |
| Released in response to stressors | 1. cortisol/ adrenal cortex 2. epinephrine/ adrenal medulla |
| Drives development of secondary sex characteristics in males | 1. testosterone/ testis |
| Directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle | 1. estrogen 2. progesterone ovaries |
| Although the pituitary gland is often referred to as the master gland of the body, the hypothalamus exerts some control over the pituitary gland. How does the hypothalamus control both anterior and posterior pituitary functioning? | Produces “releasing and inhibiting hormones,” which control the production and release of anterior pituitary hormones; forms hormones ADH and oxytocin, which are transported to the posterior pituitary and later released on nervous stimulation |
| parafollicular cells of the thyroid | calcitonin |
| follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid | T4/T3 |
Created by:
lcotton2
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