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6: Tour of the cell
Campbell Reece Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| micrograph | A photograph taken through a microscope. |
| light microscope (LM) | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer's eye or onto photographic film. |
| cell theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells. |
| electon microscope (EM) | An instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope |
| scanning electron microscope (SEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen. |
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens. |
| prokaryotc cells | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. |
| eukaryotic cells | A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells. |
| plasma membrane | The membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which are embedded molecules of protein and cholesterol. |
| chromosomes | A threadlike , gene-carrying structure found in the nuclueus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiossis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a combination DNA and protein. |
| ribosomes | A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus. |
| cytoplasm | Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles. |
| nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
| flagella | (plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell's plasm |
| organelles | A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell. |
| cellualr metabolism | The chemical activities of cells. |
| nuleus | (plural, nuclei) (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing. |
| nuclear envelope | A double membrane, perforated with pores, which encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell. |
| nucleolus | A structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits. |
| endomembrane system | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| vesicles | A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. See also rough ER; smooth ER. |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | A network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. |
| glycoprotein | A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to short chains of sugars. |
| transport vesicle | A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. The vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another membranous organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents. |
| Golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| lysome | A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest the cell's food and wastes. |
| vacuoles | A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions. |
| central vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
| peroxisome | An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
| mitochondria | (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes, it is where most of the cell's ATP is made. |
| intermembrane space | One of the two fluid-filled internal compartments of the mitochondrion. The intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes. |
| mitochondrial matrix | The fluid contained within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. |
| chloroplasts | A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water; Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle. |
| thylakoid | One of a number of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. |
| granum | (plural, grana) A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| endosymbiosos | A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger cells. |
| cytoskeleton | A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| microfilament | The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin. |
| intermediate filamanet | An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins. |
| microtubules | A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
| centrioles | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern. An animal usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division. |
| cilia | A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane. |
| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole. |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides. |
| Integrin | A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
| cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape. |
| plasmodesmata | (plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells. |
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