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Romantic period
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Romanticism | Reaction to the ideals of the Classic era; extreme, expressive; conservative vs liberal |
| Nationalism | Composers cultivating their own national identity through music; using folk song ideas |
| Virutoso | Being an extremely proficient at only one instrument as opposed to able to play many |
| Program Music | Music that conveys a story, emotion or idea other than whats on the page |
| Absolute Music | Music that had no extramusical appropriations |
| F. Schubert | Son of school teacher; liked to match words to music; very big on expression; |
| H. Berlioz | Leader of radical romantic movement; pushed limits of orchestration; founder of modern conducting |
| F. Mendelssohn | Conservative romantic composer. Conducted St. Matthew's Passion. Used Baroque genres with expressive Romanticism. Embraced growing tradition and influence of past music. |
| Robert Schumann | Took lessons from Weich (Clara's father). Character pieces super important. Went crazy in old age. Married Clara. Fathered 8 children. |
| Clara Schumann | Performed; a virtuoso. Travelled a lot. Married Robert, curbed performances. Had 8 children. Wasn't allowed to play while Robert composed. |
| F. Chopin | Piano. Moved to Paris. Highest social circles. New possibilities for piano; stronger frame, more dynamics for example. |
| Lied | German song. |
| Song Cycle | Set of songs about an idea. |
| Schubertiad | Group of musicians; playing Schubert's music in his salons |
| Damper pedal | Dampens the sound; gives a different texture. |
| Idee fixe | Repeated motive/melody |
| Dies irae | Chant sequence; used as a symbol of death, the macabre, or the diabolical |
| Tempo Rubato | "Stolen time". Distortion of tempo for expressive purposes |
| Grand Opera | After the French Revolution, the government funded opera houses. The large budget created huge scale operas; some featured an on-stage pond and real elephants. This was super expensive to fund, and ran out of money quickly. |
| Scribe and Meyerbeer | Librettist and composer; leaders of French Grand Opera |
| Opera comique | Spoken dialogue instead of recit. ; less pretentious than grand opera; straightforward comedy or serious drama |
| Opera bouffe | Offenbach was a leader of this genre; witty satirical elements of comic opera |
| Lyric opera | Between comique and grand; main appeal through melody; romantic drama or fantasy; Gounod is famous for this genre. |
| Exoticism | Exaggerated composition of a "foreign" land. ie. Bizet's Carmen, Spanish flavour. |
| Seguidila | Exotic piece; fast in 3/4 meter. Accomp. like strum of guitar |
| G. Rossini | One of the most popular composers of his generation. Opera scene; Italian; known for comic operas. Blended buffa and seria |
| Patter song | Rapidly delivered recitative; repeated often, with speed and precision |
| Bel canto | Seemingly effortless technique, beautiful tone through entire range, agility, flexibility, and control. Most important aspect is the voice. |
| Cavatina | entrance aria |
| Cantibile | Developed by Rossini. First section of aria, slow, expressing calm mood. |
| Cabaletta | Developed by Rossini. Last section of aria, lively and brilliant, expressing joy or despair. |
| G. Verdi | Ruling presence of Italian music second half of 19th century. "patriotic", Viva verdi. Human drama in his operas. Vocal melody important. Very Romantic era, expressive. |
| Reminiscence motives | Repeating motives from earlier theme; unified the work musically. |
| C. M. Von Weber | Established German Romantic opera. Emphasized folklore, fairy tales, supernatural. Nationalism envoked. |
| German Romantic opera | Emphasized folklore, fairy tales. Singspiel root. |
| R. Wagner | One of most influential composers. Believed main purpose of music to serve dramatic expression. Supported by King of Bavaria. Saw himself as Beethoven's successor. Exiled to Switzerland for political ties. |
| Der Ring des Nebelungen | Ring Cycle; series of operas telling story of a magical ring. 19 hours of music over 4 consecutive evenings. LOTR similar. |
| Bayreuth Festspielhaus | Hall built strictly for Wagner's works. Ran today by his descendants. |
| Music Drama | Genre created by Wagner; as complete work of art (aka Gesamtkunstwerk) |
| Gesamtkunstwerk | Oneness of drama and music |
| Leitmotif | "leading motive", associated with person, event, emotion, thing, etc. Reoccur throughout to work; sense of contiunity |
| Anxiety of Influence | Living in the shadow of composers such as Beethoven; scared some composers from writing or publishing works as to not be compared to him. |
| F. Liszt | Intriguing music personality. Virtuoso, pushed piano to its limit, inspired by Panini; taught, composed, performed; ended career in church |
| Symphonic (tone) poem | 1-movement programmatic work. few themes developed. |
| Transcription | Liszt used this to bring other's original works to audience |
| J. Brahms | Leading German composer of his time. Pianist, composer, teacher. Supporters of Schumanns. Applied formal genres, conservative romantic. |
| Tchaikovsky | Leading Russian composer of his time. Consevatory training. Most famous for ballets. |
| B. Smetana | Bohemian composer. Sought to create national music. |
| A. Dvorak | Peasant background. "the Bohemian Brahms". Advocated music nationalism. Violinist |
| G. Mahler | Leading Austro-German composer of symphonies after Brahms. Born in Bohemia. Career as opera and orch, conductor. Programmatic, expressive composer. |
| Orchestral Lied | German-based art song, written for symphony. |
| R. Strauss | Dominant figure in German musical life. Mastered orchestra. Composer and conductor. Wrote tone poems. |
| Mighty Handful | Balakriev, Borodin, Cui, Musorgsky, Rimsky-Korasov. Regular people, wanting to keep Russian nationalism alive. Learned to compose; Modest Musorgsky most famous. |
| E. Grieg | Norweigan composer. Wanting to keep nationalism alive. Piano style emulates Chopin. Modal, bass drones, changing time signature. |
| E. Elgar | First famous English composer in over 200 years. Music not inspired by folk songs. |
| G. Puccini | Most successful Italian composer after Verdi. Distinct style; focuses on vocal melody. Famous Madam Butterfly. |
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