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Micro Acquired immun
Micro106 - Acquired Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is acquired immunity? | Acquired immunity responds to, distinguishes between and remembers specific pathogens it has encountered. |
| What are antigens? | Antigens are microbes or microbe parts that provoke an immune response, they are recognized as nonself. |
| What are epitopes? | Epitopes are antigenic determinates, unique and specific microbial fingerprints. |
| What causes autoimmune disease? | A breakdown in self tolerance. |
| What is clonal deletion? | Clonal deletion is the deletion of B & T cells that recognize ‘self’ as antigens. |
| What do regulatory T cells do? | Regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune responses. Over stimulation of the immune response can be life threatening. |
| What is the humoral immune response? | The activation of B lymphocytes (B cells) and production of antibodies against the identified antigen. |
| What is the cell mediated immune response? | T lymphocytes (T cells) kill infected (cells that microbes have entered) or abnormal cells. |
| Humoral immune response | The pathogen is outside of a cell |
| What does antigen exposure cause? | Antigen exposure activates only B & T cells with receptors that recognize specific epitopes on that antigen. |
| Activated B & T cells divide into? | Divide into two types of clones, effector cells & memory cells. |
| What do effector cells do? | Effector cells become plasma cells that secrete antibodies in humoral immunity. antibody factories |
| What are memory cells? | Memory cells are long-lived cells capable of division on short notice to fight the remembered pathogen. |
| What are antibodies? | Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins. The antibody molecule is a protein consisting of four polypeptide chains. |
| Epitope recognition | Requires antibodies to have a special structure. |
| What is the constant region? | The constant region determines the location & functional class of antibody. |
| What is the variable region? | The variable region contains different amino acids for the many antibodies produced. |
| What happens at the Fab fragment? | The Fab fragment of an antibody combines with the epitope. |
| What function does the Fc fragment perform? | The Fc fragment performs functions in opsonization, activation of the complement system, & allergic reations. |
| What is somatic recombination? | Somatic recombination is a random mix & match of gene segments to form unique antibody genes. |
| What is IgM? | IgM is the first, but short-lived Ig to appear in circulation after B cell stimulation (humoral response). |
| What is IgG? | IgG is the major circulating antibody and the principal component of secondary antibody response. |
| What is primary antibody response? | The first time the body encounters a pathogen, may take a week or more to develop. |
| What is secondary antibody response? | Occurs with a subsequent infection by the same pathogen. |
| What is viral inhibition? | Viral inhibition is when antibodies prevent viruses from entering host cells. |
| What is neutralization? | Neutralization is when antitoxins neutralize toxins by altering the toxin molecule and disabling its ability to bind to cells. |
| What is opsonization? | Antibodies coat bacterial cells to prevent attachment |
| What is agglutination? | Antibodies can bind to separate antigens, causing agglutination – bind cells together or restrict movement. |
| What is precipitation? | Antibodies combine with dissolved antigens to form arrangements that precipitate out of solution. |
| What is phagocytosis? | Opsonization, agglutination, & precipitation all enhance phagocytosis by forming a bridge between antigen & receptor sites on the phagocyte. |
| Cell mediated Immune response | When the pathogen is inside of the cell |
| What are cytotoxic T cells? | Cytotoxic T cells ‘inspect’ cells and destroy infected or cancerous self cells. They have T cell receptors & CD8 coreceptors. (I ate something toxic – MHC class 1, CD8, cytotoxic) |
| What are helper T cells? | Helper T cells orchestrate the immune response with both humoral and cell mediated immunity. Have T cell receptors and CD4 coreceptors. HIV attaches to the CD4 receptor on helper T cells. |
| T cell receptors & coreceptors | Allow T cells to recognize and bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. |
| What are MHC proteins? | Antigen fragments or peptides are cradled in the groove of MHC proteins, how antigen fragments are presented to T cells. (on a silver platter) |
| Class I MHC proteins | Are found on the surface of nearly all the body’s cells, bind endogenous (self) antigens. |
| Class II MHC proteins | Are found on the surface of immune cells (antigen presenting cells) bind exogenous (nonself) antigens. Found primarily on B cells & macrophages, antigens are internalized by antigen presenting cells then presented to CD4 helper T cells. |
| What do antigen presenting cells do? | APCs screen naïve T cells for those that recognize the class II MHC/antigen peptide complex, interleukin-1 is used to activate the naïve T cell. The activated (but immature) T cell then secretes a cytokine, interleukin-2 which stimulates cell division. |
| What do the immature T cells become? | Type 2 helper T cells – help activate the humoral immune response. |
| Type 1 helper T cells | recognize and bind to macrophages infected with bacteria, stimulates destruction of the intracellular pathogen. |
| Type 2 helper T cells | Recognize the MHC II/peptide complex on B cells, also known as T-dependent antigens. Results in B cell activation with production of plasma and memory B cells. |
| What do host cells do? | Host cells infected by viruses degrade viral antigens and present them via MHC-1 proteins on the cell surface. |
| How do activated cytotoxic T cells respond? | They recognize and bind to the MHC-1/peptide complex on infected cells. They release toxins such as perforin & granzymes to cause cell death. Can also recognize & kill tumor cells. |
Created by:
jrb265
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