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Micro Innate Immun
Micro106 - Innate Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Serum | Serum is the fluid part of blood, it contains minerals, salts proteins. Plasma is serum that contains clotting agents |
| RBC | Also known as erythrocytes – carry oxygen, lack a nucleus |
| Platelets | Important component in blood clotting, lack a nucleus |
| WBC | Leukocytes – immunity |
| Granulocytes | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & mast cells |
| Agranulocytes | Monocytes & macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
| Neutrophils | Polymorphonuclear phagocytes – PMNs |
| Monocytes | Phagocytes that mature into macrophages in tissues. Also secrete cytokine |
| Lymphocytes | Move to the lymph after maturation |
| B & T lymphocytes | Involved in acquired immunity |
| Dendritic cells | Found in the skin & other portals of entry. Branched cells involved in acquired immunity, function as scouts, engulf material & bring it to cells of adaptive immunity |
| Lymph | Clear fluid surrounding tissue cells & filling intercellular spaces |
| Lymphatic system | Collection of tissues & organs that bring lymphocytes in contact with antigens |
| Primary lymph organs & tissues | Thymus & bone marrow |
| Secondary lymph tissues | Spleen – contains cells that monitor & fight infection Lymph nodes – contain phagocytes & lymphocytes, Tonsils, adenoids & appendix |
| Innate immunity or nonspecific resistance | Genetically encoded to recognize common pathogenic features & foreign substances |
| Cytokines | Chemical signals between cells – initiates acquired immunity – cytokines are proteins that bind to receptors of other cells |
| Acquired immunity or specific resistance | Involves production of lymphocytes & antibodies specific to the pathogen |
| Mechanical barriers | Skin & mucous membranes |
| Skin as a barrier | Covers majority of surface, difficult to penetrate, dry, salty environment, microbes are shed with outer layers of skin |
| Mucous membranes | Line digestive, respiratory & genitourinary tracts, mucus traps microbes, cilia expel microbes |
| Chemical barriers | pH, defensins, lysozomes, interferons |
| pH | Specific pH levels in body resist infection – lactobacilli in vagina & low pH of stomach – acid environments |
| Defensisn | Antimicrobial peptides found in body secretions – damages membranes in microbes |
| Lysozyme | Enzyme found in tears, sweat & saliva – lyses gram positive bacteria by degrading peptidoglycan |
| Interferons | Protein cytokines that trigger macrophage activation, interfere with RNA viruses |
| Normal microbiota as barrier | Microorganisms found growing on body surfaces of healthy individuals, protect by competitive exclusion, out compete pathogens for nutrients & attachment sites |
| Phagocytosis | The capture & digestion of foreign particles |
| Phagocytes | Specialized cells that engulf & digest microbes |
| Phagosome | Structure that hold microbes, phagosome is acidified, kills or inactivates the pathogen |
| Phagolysosome | Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes – enzymes & reactive oxygen species kill & digest the pathogen |
| Inflammation | Inflammation is initiated by microbial invasion or tissue damage |
| Macrophages | Macrophages secrete cytokines – triggers vasodilatation and capillary permeability – increases blood flow & plasma leaks from capillaries |
| Edema | Fluid flows into injured tissue |
| Diapedesis | More phagocytes migrate between capillary cells |
| Mast cells | Secrete histamines which increase vasodilatation |
| Fibrin clots | Prevent spread of pathogens |
| Abscess formation | Bacteria & dying neutrophils |
| Low to moderate fever | Supports the immune system, inhibits rapid microbial growth, encourages tissue repair, helps with phagocytosis |
| Pyrogens | Pyrogens are a cytokines produced by some leukocytes, affect the hypothalamus causing elevated body temp |
| Complement | Complement is a series of normally inactive proteins that circulate in the bloodstream – become activated in the presence of microbes – initiates cascade of reactions |
| Classical pathway | Antibody-microbe complexes activate complement proteins that activate C3 convertase that leads to inflammation |
| Alternative pathway | The complement protein C3 binds to the pathogen cell surface to activate C3 convertase that leads to – leads to opsonization |
| Pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs | Helps the innate immune system recognize danger signs on pathogens |
| Pathogen danger signs | LPS layer of gram negative cell walls, peptidoglycan, flagella |
| Toll like receptors TLRs | Signaling receptors – mediate a specific response to PAMPs – stimulate secretion of cytokines |
Created by:
jrb265
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