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Micro Imm to disease

Micro106 - Immunity to disease

QuestionAnswer
What is active immunity? Active immunity occurs when the body’s immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies & lymphocytes.
What is naturally acquired active immunity? Follows illness or pathogen exposure.
What is artificially acquired active immunity? Occurs through vaccination. Treated or altered microbes, toxins or parts of microbes are used; person usually does not become ill.
What is naturally acquired passive immunity? Develops when antibodies passed from mother to fetus.
What types of antibodies are passed to fetus? Maternal IgG antibodies that remain with the newborn for 3-6 months. IgA antibodies are passed through breast milk.
What is artificially acquired passive immunity? Involves injection of antibody rich serum (or anti-serum). Especially useful for diseases where toxins are involved.
How is artificial acquired passive immunity used? Prophylactive antiserum can prevent diseases for short term – vacations & travelers diarrhea. Therapeutic antiserum can treat immediate disease.
What is a complication with artificial acquired passive immunity? Immune system may recognize foreign serum proteins as nonself and mount an allergic reaction or serum sickness.
What is a live attenuated vaccine? It contains weakened microbes, replicates at low levels, causes infection without disease, and induces long lasting immunity. Examples are Sabin oral polio, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, MMR, Proquad
What is a complication of a live attenuated vaccine? Attenuated microbes can revert to a virulent form.
What is an inactivated vaccine? Inactivated vaccines contain killed pathogens, safer than attenuated because they cannot cause disease, induce a weaker immune response. Examples Salk polio, hepatitis A, influenza
What is a subunit vaccine? It contains only those parts of the antigens that stimulate a strong immune response, proteins, cell wall components, complex polysaccharides. Can't cause disease. Ex. 23 different polysaccharides from capsules of different strains of strep pneumoniae.
How is recombinant DNA used? Recombinant DNA can be used to create a recombinant subunit vaccine – hepatitis B
What is a toxoid vaccine? It contains inactivated toxins, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, DPT
What are conjugate vaccines? Conjugate vaccines are created by attaching relatively weaker antigens to a toxoid. It induces a stronger than normal immune response. Example – Hib vaccine
What is herd immunity? Herd immunity is when the majority of a population is immune. An unvaccinated individual is unlikely to contact an infected individual.
What affects herd immunity? The environment or population density (crowded cities or dorms) and the strength of a persons immune system.
Created by: jrb265
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