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Clinical Nutrition 1
Final for NWHSU Clinical nutrition 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Calcium UL | 2000 mg |
Calcium RDA | 9-18= 1300mg ; adult= 1000m-1200f ; adult 71+ = 1200mg |
Calcium function | cofactor in blood clotting ; Cell signaling for nerve, muscle, insulin ; structural for bone and tooth |
Calcium deficiency | Osteoporosis, muscle cramping, abnormal blood clotting, deficiency of Mg, Na, HCl |
Calcium theraputics | Osteoporosis, kidney stones, hypertension, colon cancer, lead toxicity, PMS |
Calcium toxicity | ONLY FROM SUPPLEMENTS, kidney stones, hypercalcemia |
What increases Calcium deficiency risk | sodium excess, loss of HCl, Mg excess, Mg def, menopause |
What diet components interfere with Calcium? | Protein intake >20%, phosphorus, oxalates, Phytic acid, sodium, alcohol |
Magnesium UL | 350mg- causes loose stool |
Magnesium RDA | Adults >31 420mg M 320mg F |
Magnesium function | energy production ; synthesis of nucleic acids and glutathione ; cell signaling, ion transport, and structural(same as Ca) ; Cell migration (different from Ca) |
Magnesium deficiency | RARE, neuro, personality, muscular cramping, chronic kidney failure, |
Risk of Magnesium deficiency | GI & renal disorders, alcohol, age |
Magnesium therapeutics | Hypertension, cramping, asthma, diabetes, osteoporosis, migranes |
Magnesium Toxicity | Chronic kidney failure, GI disturbances, |
Potassium UL | NONE |
Potassium RDI | Adults >19 = 4700mg |
Potassium Function | Energy metabolism, Na/K pump, Pyruvare kinase -> carbohydrate metabolism |
Potassium deficiency | Hypokalemia- fatigue, cramps, arrhythmias |
Risk of Potassium deficiency | Alcoholics, diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea |
Potassium therapeutics | Hypertension, stroke, kidney stones, osteoporosis |
Potassium toxicity | Hyperkalemia- tingling, arrythmias, lower bp(adrenal fatigue) from decreased aldosterone |
Potassium RDI vs average consumption | RDI= 4700mg, AVERAGE= 3100mg MEN, 2300mg WOMEN |
Sodium UL | Na=2300, NaCl (salt) = 5800 |
Sodium RDI | Na=1500mg , NaCl=3800 |
Calculate dietary salt intake | Na x 2.5 = NaCl |
Sodium function | Membrane potential, Na/K pump, Maintain blood pressure and volume |
Sodium deficiency | Not from decreased intake ; hyponatremia- cerebral edema, seizures, coma |
Risk of Sodium deficiency | Vomit, diarrhea, exercise, sweating, increased fluid retention, endurance exercises |
Sodium therapeutics | Salt restriction helps with gastric cancer, osteoporosis, kidney stones, and hypertension |
Sodium toxicity | Hypernatremia- excess water loss+ decrease water intake, kidney failure rarely from excess salt intake, excess sodium leads to increased ECF volume |
Compare RDI of salt vs average consumption | RDI=3800mg AVERAGE= 7800-11,800 MALE ; 5800- 7800 FEMALE |
DASH diet | Diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish, nuts, and low-fat dairy. This lead to Lower BP and higher K |
Salt reduction controversial | If you take too little salt in it can be more detrimental than taking in too much salt. Ideal range is 3-6grams |
Iron RDI | Adults= 8mg MALE, 18mg FEMALE, 27mg PREGNANT |
Iron Facts | 2/3 is in functional form, remainder stored in liver and bone marrow, power oxidant and potential harmful, copper INCREASES absorption, Calcium DECREASES absorption |
Iron function | O2 transport and storage, energy production, Enzyme function- Anti oxidant, Pro oxidant, DNA synthesis |
Iron deficiency | Most common deficiency in the world, remember from clin path |
Iron therapeutics | poor intellectual development, lead toxicity, Restless leg syndrome, impaired immune functions |
Iron toxicity | largest case of poisoning in children under 6, stained teeth, dark stools |
What enhances/ inhibits iron absorption | Enhance: VIt. C, organic acids, meat, fish, poultry ; Inhibits: Phytic acid, polyphenols, soy protein |
Zinc UL | 40mg |
Zinc RDI | 11mg MALES ; 8mg FEMALES |
Zinc food sources | Cashews, chickpeas, almonds |
Zinc function | Catalytic role in 100 enzymes, regulatory role in gene expression cell signaling and apoptosis, structural role |
Zinc deficiency | copper, iron, calicum, and folic acid impair zinc absorption, impaired tasted, poor wound healing, night blindness |
Zinc therapeutics | Impaired growth and development, weak immune function, common cold, diabetes, macular degeneration |
Zinc toxicity | Abdominal pain and diarrhea, GI distress at 50-150 mg, also anosmia-loss of sense of smell |
Most abundant intracellular trace element | Zinc |
Zinc and copper relationship | Zinc affects copper bioavailability 10/1 ratio, 60mg/day will interfeare |
Copper UL | 10,000 ug or 10mg |
Copper RDI | 900ug or .9mg |
Copper function | Energy production, CT formation, Iron metabolism, melanin, MAO, antioxidant, gene expression |
Copper deficiency | Very uncommon- anemia, loss of pigmentation, impaired growth, osteoporosos, |
Increased risk of Copper deficiency | infants fed exclusive cows milk formula, premature infants, malabsorption syndromes |
Copper Therapeutics | Immune system, osteoporosis, produces LDL oxidation in vitro(bad), provides antioxidant protection, lack of reliable biomarker for Cu nutritional status |
Copper toxicity | Wilson's disease= accumulation in liver and brain, liver damage with long term use |
Chromium UL | NOT ESTABLISHED |
Chromium RDI | 35ug MALE ; 25ug FEMALE |
Chromium function | enhances insulin, active component in GTF |
Chromium deficiency | Impaired glucose tolerance, endurance exercise requires chromium, increased cholesterol and TG, peripheral neuropathy from diabetes |
Chromium therapeutics | Useful in hypoglycemics, CVD, |
Chromium toxicity | impared liver function |
HEXAVALENT chromium vs TRIVALENT chromium | hexavalent is toxic (IV) and Trivalent is nontoxic (III) |
Iodine UL**** | 1100 ug or 1.1mg |
Iodine RDI | 150 ug or .15mg |
Iodine function | Thyroid hormone synthesis. T3 active, T4 inactive; requires selenium to convert T4 to T3 |
Iodine deficiency | Selenium, iron, and Vit.A deficiency exacerbate iodine deficiency, cretinism, hypothyroid, goiter, |
Iodine therapeutics | hypothyroid, thyroid cancer, fibrocystic breast condition |
Iodine toxicity | Rare, hypothyroidusm, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer |
Selenium UL | 400 ug |
Selenium RDI | 55ug |
Selenium function | selenoproteins- glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductase, idothyronine deiodinases |
Selenium deficiency | increase cancer, weak immune, kashin-beck disease, muscle weakness, keshan disease |
Selenium therapeutics | cancer prevention, CVD, Viral infection |
Selenium toxicity | Selenosis(850mg) brittle nails, GI problems, garlic breath(sulfur) |
Fluoride UL | 10mg |
Fluoride RDA | 4mg MALE, 3mg FEMALE |
Americans consume how many grams of sodium a day? | 3.4g |
Who does food industry blame for their effors to reduce salt | appetite for salt |
who wins with a salt controversy | food industry |
how long was DASH study | 1 month |
What is the problem wit h salt-hypertension hypothesis? | We dont know if it does kill us prematurly |
Howmuch salt in american diet comes from processed foods? | 80%Renin |
Less salt = higher _____By decreasing sodium, food industry had to put more ______ | sugar |
Assesment of data supporting salt hypothesis | inconsistant and contradictory |
How did the food industry divert attention from salt? | fund research on calcium |
The consistancy of salt consumption suggests how much salt we eat is drived from ______ | Physiological needs |