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APUSH
CH. 18
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Five Civilized Tribes | Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles; ran sawmills, gristmills, and cotton gins. | |
| Cherokees and Choctaws | became prosperous cotton growers | |
| Creeks | managed large herds of hogs and dcattle | |
| Chickasaws | grazed cattle plus sheep and goats | |
| No Man's Land - April 22, 1889 | A 2-million-acre strip of land in the western district of Oklahoma opened for settlement by U.S. Congress. | |
| Curtis Act - 1898 | Congress passed the act which ended Indian communal land ownership and thereby legally dissolved Indian Territory. | |
| Alaska purchased | 1867 | |
| Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 | assigned reservations in existing Indian Territory to Comanches, Plains (Kiowa) Apaches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes; Intense competition for survival | |
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Invoked the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | |
| Bureau of Indian Affairs | Provided guidance while federal forces ensured protection to subdue rivalry of resources and land | |
| BUFFALO | important for nomadic tribes: Pawnees, Crows, Sioux; Hunted to lead Indians to reservations | |
| Sand Creek Massacre | The near annihilation in 1864 of Black Kettle's Cheyenne band by CO troops under Colonel John Chivington's orders to "kill and scalp all, big and little." | |
| Treaty of Fort Laramie | Acknowledged U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux war in 1868 and supposedly guaranteed the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in Sought Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana | enabled the Sioux to occupy Black Hills, or Paha Sapa, their sacred land |
| Bozeman Trail in Wyoming | Sioux's principal buffalo range | mass invasion of miners and construction of military forts along Trail |
| Great Sioux War of 1865-67 | Oglala Sioux warrior Red Cloud fought the U.S. Army to stalemate and forced the government to abandon its forts | Led to Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 |
| Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer | "Custer's Last Stand"June 25, 1786; Little Bighorn/ Greasy Grass | Sitting Bull |
| February, 1877 | Sioux leadership in the Indian Wars ended | |
| Red River War | Geronimo of Apache; Kiowas and Comanches | End of Indian wars |
| The Nez Perce ("pierced nose") | Saved Lewis and Clark expedition from starvation | 1860 Discovery of gold in Idaho, Washington, Oregon; 1863-feds forced Chief Joseph and followers to sell land and move into reservations Nez Perce ultimately sent to live settle in Oklahoma and Washington reservations |
| Discovery of gold in California | 1848 population from 14000 to 223856 four years later. | Mining brought global market for capital, commodities, and labor. |
| The West | last frontier of individual freedom and wide open spaces. Small number of settlers that strike it rich in mining, lumbering, ranching, and/or farming | Indians, Hispanics, and Mormons struggled to create places for themselves in new expansionist order |
| Anaconda Copper Mining Company | e.g. of successful ones who struck it big | |
| Butte, Montana | center of copper-mining district | |
| tongs | fraternal societies | |
| Western Federation of Miners | union formed by miners in the Coeur d'Alene region of Idaho | 1892 |
| Caminetti Act | 1893 - gave the state the power to regulate the mines | Created Sacramento River Commission, which began to replace free-flowing rivers with canals and dams |
| Brigham Young | took over Joseph Smith for Mormons | Great Salt Lake Basin, Deseret; Sanctify polygamy |
| United States vs. Reynolds | Freedom of belief but not practice | 1879 |
| Edmunds Act | effectively disfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment | 1882 |
| Edmunds-Tucker Act | destroyed temporal power of the Mormon Church by confiscating all assets over $50000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the Utah territory. | 1887 |
| Santa Fe Ring | grabbed over 80 percent of Mexicano landholdings in New Mexico alone. | |
| Cortina's War | Juan Nepomuceno Cortina, Red Robber of the Rio Grande | |
| Las gorras Blancas | band of agrarian rebels in New Mexico | 1890 - from social banditry to political organization El Partido del Pueblo Unido (The People's Party) |
| El Alianzo Hispano-Maricano (The Hispanic American Alliance) | to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans | |
| Mutualists (mutual aid societies) | provided sickness and death benefits to Mexican families | |
| Porfirio Diaz | President of Mexico from 1876-1911 | modernizing policies of brought deteriorating living conditions to the masses of poor people and prompted a migration northward that accelerated through the first decades of the 20th cent. |
| Cinco de Mayo | marks the Mexican victory over French invaders in the battle of Puebla in 1862 | |
| John Deere | The "Singing Plow" | 1837 |
| Cyrus McCormick | The Reaper | |
| Technology | Advancements increased agricultural rate of progress and reduced the number of people usually required for the work | e.g. handling of 8 acres to 135 acres by 1890 |
| Morrill Act | "land-grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs | 1862 |
| Timber Culture Act | allotted homesteaders an additional 160 acres of land in return for planting and cultivating 40 acres of trees | 1873 |
| National Reclamation Act | added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the U.S. | 1902 |
| General Land Revision Act | gave the president the power to establish forest reserves to protect watersheds against the threats posed by lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires. | 1891 |
| Forest Management Act | set the federal government on the path of large-scale regulatory activities. | 1897 |
| Albert Bierstadt | German-born artist | 1860s |
| Theodore Roosevelt | elected to the New York Assembly in 1882 | insisted that the West meant "vigorous manhood." |
| Edward Zane Carroll Judson | BUFFALO BILL, THE KING OF THE BORDER MEN | 1869 |
| Edward L. WHeeler | dime novel | |
| Cowman Joseph McCoy | Wild West shows | |
| William F. COdy | "Buffalo Bill" Cody | Annie Oakley sharpshooter, "dude ranches,"etc. |
| Charles Schreyvogel | Made the west his life's work on canvas | |
| Charles Russell | genuine cowboy | painted his life |
| Frederic Remington | left Yale Art School to visit Montana in 1881, became a Kansas sheepherder and tavern owner, and then returned to being a painter | Became chief magazine illustrator of Western history |
| Edward Sheriff Curtis | vividly conveyed tribal virtue | |
| Lewis Henry Morgan | early ethnographer and pioneer of fieldwork in anthropology; devoted life to study of Indian family or kinship patterns, mostly Eastern tribes such as the Iroquios | 1851 LEAGUE OF THE HO-DE-NO-SAU-NEE, or IROQUOIS - first scientific account of an Indian tribe; ANCIENT SOCIETY 1877 |
| Alice Cunningham FLetcher. | Met with Susette (Bright Eyes) La Flesche of the Omaha tribe to help indians | INDIAN EDUCATION AND CIVILIZATION, 1885 |
| Omaha Act of 1882 | allowed establishment of individual title to tribal lands | 1882 |
| Dawes Severalty ACt | divided communal tribal land, granting the right to petition for citizenship to those Indians who accepted the individual land allotment of 160 acres. Successfully undermined sovereignty | 1887 |
| Board of Indian Commissioners | 1869 | |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | reformer; noted poet and author of children's stories | A CENTURY OF DISHONOR published 1881 |
| Indian Rights Association | offshoot of Women's National Indian Association (WNIA) | formed 1874; worked to Convert Indians and to eradicate tribal customs |
| Wavoka | Paiute prophet of 1888 | Ghost Dance |
| Lakotas (Western Sioux) | a loose confederation of bands scattered across the northern Great Plains | Depended on Buffalo for survival |
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