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SOPN Fluid & more 3

SOPN Fluid and Electrolytes Test 3

QuestionAnswer
Homoestasis state of equilibrium in the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses.
Fat contains little water
Intracellular fluid (ICF) 2/3 to 3/4 WITHIN THE CELL (42% of body weight)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) 1/3 to 1/4 OUTSIDE THE CELL (1/3 body weight)
Intravascular (plasma) fluid of the body vessels
Interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells and includes lymph
Transcellular small part of ECF (extracellular fluid). INCLUDES: fluid in the cerebrospinal fluid, GI tract, pleural spaces, synovial spaces, and peritoneal spaces
Edema extracellular water pools in the extremeidities
average daily intake of fluid for adult 2000-2500 ml / day
4 ways water is excreted from the body SKIN - LUNGS - FECES - KIDNEYS(mostly thru kidneys)
body fluid lost must be replaced in an effort to maintain what? homeostasis
external influences that effect fluid balance of the body temperature and humidity
Electrolytes are lost primarily through the kidneys
cations positively charged ions
anions negatively charged ions
what fluid has a greater amount of protein due to its large size and general inability to pass thru capillaries due to its mamma jamma size intervascular fluid
favors sodium re-absorption and excretion of potassium aldosterone
mechanisms by which H2O and solutes move are: diffusion, fecilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and oncotic pressure
diffusion *REQUIRES NO ENERGY* movement of molecules from a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Facilitated Diffusion *WITHOUT ENERGY* Movement from high to low concentration
active transport process in which molecules move against concentration gradient
what is required in the form of ATP, which is produced by the cells mitochondria External Energy
Osmosis * REQUIRES NO ENERGY* movement of water between two compartments by a membrane (semi-permeable) to water but not to solute
osmolarity amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water
The presence of protein in the intravascular fluid creates a pressure called *WHAT* whose function is to hold water in within the compartment Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at a capillary level Hydrostatic Pressure
In blood vessels, hydrostatic pressure is the pressure generated by what means contraction of the heart
Three hormones that play a vital role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance ADH * ALDOSTERONE * PARATHRYOID HORMONE
Produced and stored in the hypothalamus but released from the posterior pituitary gland ADH
Acts on the renal tubules to retain water and to decrease urinary output ADH
secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts on the renal tubules to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium ALDOSTERONE
Increases circulatory volume by reabsorbing water along with sodium ALDOSTERONE
produced by the parathyroid and promotes absorption of Calcium from the intestine Parathryoid Hormone
Promotes release of calcium from the bone and increases the excretion of phosphate ions from th kidney Parathryoid Hormone
What is the site of action for ADH and ALDOSTERONE renal tubules
primary organs for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance KIDNEYS
what activity can lead to signigicant fluid and electrolyte loss diarrhea and vomitting
reduced thirst mechanism leads to decreased fluid intake
what is determined by the total number of particles dissolved in a UNIT OF SOLVENT osmolarity
what is the normal osmolarity of the body fluid 300 milimoles per kg of water
ISOMOLAR same osmolarity as body fluids
Hypo-Osmolar less osmolarity than body fluids
Hyperosmolarity greater osmolarity than body fluids
a loss of water in EXCESSSSSSS equals dehydration
ECF (extracellular) fluid volume deficit hypovolemia
hypovolemia abnormal loss of normal body fluids ie: diarrhea, fistula drainage, hemorrhage)
treatment for hypovolemia replace water and electrolytes with balanced IV solutions
Another name for extracellular fluid deficit Iso-osmolar fluid deficit
sodium ions constitute most of the osmolarity of extracellular fluid. If *BOTH* water and sodium are lost the result is......extracellular fluid becomes depleated and circulatory blood volume is decreased Iso-osmolar volume loss
Iso-osmolar fluid volume loss causes what conditions/ Hemorrhage, GI losses, profuse diaphoresis
Nursing interventions for Isoosmolar fluid deficit postural vital signs
Hyperosmotic when more water is lost from the body than sodium or other electrolytes ORRRRR when intake is inadequate to replace normal losses then the extracellular fluid becomes....
When water moves out of the cell by OSMOSIS to dilute extracellular fluid what can occur cellular dehydration
nursing interventions for hypersomplarity mouth care, safety, I&O
fluid volume excess hypervolemia
Hypo-osmolar fluid EXCESS excess of H2O without an increase in electrolytes. Water enters the cell through osmosis causing the cell to swell
Occurs when fluid intake EXCEEDS kidney excretion Hypo-Osmolarity
When would you see excessive amounts of ADH acute stress, trauma, or surgery
Low blood flow is seen CHF or renal insufficiency
anasarca term used for accumulation of large amounts of fluid in all body tissues
Thiazides block sodium reabsorption by the renal tubules ie: chlorothiazied and hydrochlorothiazide
Loop Diuretics act on the Loop of Henle: Lasix, Edecrin, Bumex
Aldosterone antagonist = potassium saver aldactone
if EDEMA is caused by decreased intravascular ONCOTIC pressure then what is given Albumin
No single electrolyte can be out of balance without what result occuring all other electrolytes being out of balance
Na - K - Ca are all essential for? passage of nerve impulses. Any increase of decrease of these substances is reflected in the stimulation of muscles or nerves
decrease of what in body fluids causes the stimulus to be increased and results in muscle spasms? CALCIUM............happy cows!
Hypernatremia sodium excess level greater than 145normal level is 135 - 145
primary protection from thirst comes from the hypothalamus
what causes hypersmolarity leading to cellular dehydration (more water than sodium is lost from the body) hypernatremia
what would you use to remove salt from water diuretics
if sodium levels in the body are severe how would you treat it? renal dialysis
serum sodium levels must be reduced gradually to avoid what condition? cerebral edema
Sodium level up what would you do to remedy? DEXTROSE
ecf extra cellular fluid
ics intercellular space
polydipsia patients who excessively drink fluids to where they become hypernatremic and could potentially DIE (also have a lack of ADH)
polydipsia is almost always associated with what condition diabetics
results from loss of sodium-containing fluids or from water excess. (potential complications: severe neurologic changes hyponatremia
nursing implementation for hyponaremia fluid restriction is needed, seizures (give a small amount of IV hypertonic saline solution 3% NaCl)
Major ICF cation normal level 3.5 - 5.0 and is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impulses, maintance of cardiac rhythms, and acid-base balance potassium
where can you find potassium fruits - veggies - bananas and oranges - salt substitutes - potassium medications - Stored Blood
whenever there is severe tissue damage WHAT is released from the cells into the extracellular fluids? Potassium
A patient with renal insufficiency should not be given what potassium
nursing intervention for hyperkalemia IV 10% glucose with 50 units regular insulin to induce transfer of K from the serum to the intracellular fluid. (NEED INSULIN TO AID IN TRANSPORT)
hypokalemia below 3.5 whenever sodium is being retained in the body through reabsorption by the kidney tubules, K is excreted.
what could be lost in the urine as result of diuretics such as lasix Potassium
When a patient is being treated for acidosis and alkalosis what shifts into the cells Potassium
Manifestations of hypokalemia diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, leg cramps, N/V, anorexia, decreased gastric motility, lethargy **** MOST SERIOUS are cardiac arrthymias, EKG changes, weakness of respiratory muscles
To prevent hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest never give potassium IV PUSH
what must be maintained for the functioning of neuromuscular irritability and blood clotting Normal Calcium level
Two forms of calcium present in the blood free ionized calcium & calcium bonded to protein
most calcium is formed where bones
what is needed to form bones and teeth calcium
What 2 things are needed fro the absorption of calcium from the GI tract and re-absorption of calcium from bone to maintain normal levels parathyroid hormone and Vit D
pathological fracture bone breaks for no good reason or a bad one either for that matter
Hypocalcemia manifestations Positive Trousseau's orrrrrChvostek's Sign
Phosphate 2.5 - 4.5 primary ion in the ICF. Essential to function of muscle, red blood cells, and nervous system. Deposited with calcium for bone and tooth structure
You need phosphate to absorb what? GLUCOSE
Magnesium co-enzyme in metabolism of protein and carbohydrates. Acts directly on myoneural junction, important for normal cardiac function
HYPOMAGNESEMIA prolonged fasting or starvation. Chronic alcoholism. Diuretics can cause what condition?
D5W isotonic, 170 cal, free water.INCREASES RENAL SOLUTE EXCRETION. SUGAR AND WATER NOOOO ELECTROLYTESused to replace water losses and treat hyponatremia
NORMAL SALINE isotonic. no calories. more NaCl than ECFPREFERRED FLUID FOR IMMEDIATE RESPONSE*RISK FOR FLUID OVERLOAD IS HIGHER*
Lactated Ringer isotonic ---expands ECFHAS OSMOTIC PRESSURE SIMILIAR TO BODY
D5 1/2 NS ****HYPERTONIC***common maintenance fluid and KCl added for maintenance or replacement
D10W *HYPERTONIC* provides 340 calories per LiterFREE WATER limit of dextrose concentration may be infused peripherally
Plasma Expanders stay in vascular space and increase osmotic pressure. COLLOIDS (protein solutions) packed RBC's, Albumin, Plasma
Created by: Beezle
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