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DU PA Urinalysis
Duke PA Urinalysis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal appearance | clear |
| normal color | amber yellow |
| normal odor | aromatic |
| normal pH | 4.6-8.0 avg 6.0 |
| normal protein ___ mg/dL | 0-8 |
| normal protein ___ mg/24 hr at rest | 50-80 |
| normal protein ___ mg/24 hr during exercise | <250 |
| normal specific gravity adult | 1.005-1.030 |
| normal specific gravity elderly | values decrease with age |
| normal specific gravity newborn | 1.001-1.020 |
| normal leukocyt esterase | negative |
| normal nitrates | none |
| normal ketones | none |
| normal bilirubin | none |
| normal urobilinogen ___ Ehrlich unit/mL | 0.01-1 |
| normal crystals | none |
| normal casts | none |
| normal glucose (fresh specimen) | none |
| normal glucose (24 hr)___mg/day | 50-300 |
| normal glucose (24 hr)___mmol/day (SI units) | 0.3-1.7 |
| normal WBC ___ per low-power field | 0-4 |
| normal WBC casts | none |
| normal RBC's | < or = 2 |
| normal RBC casts | none |
| ____ infection may cause green urine | Pseudomonas |
| patients with ____ may have the strong sweet smell of acetone | diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Bacteria, UTI, or a diet high in citrus fruits or vegetables may cause | increased urine pH |
| starvation, dehydration, or a diet high in meat products or cranberries may cause | decreased urine pH |
| to prevent or treat urinary calculi from xanthine, cystine, uric acid, and calcium oxalate urine pH should be kept | alkaline |
| to treat urinary calculi from calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate urine pH should be kept | acidic |
| the combination of proteinuria adn edema is known as | nephrotic syndrome |
| probably the most important indicator of kidney disease | proteinuria |
| proteinuria in pregnant women can indicate | preeclampsia |
| a measure of the concentration of particles in the urine | specific gravity |
| used to evaluate the concentrating and excretory powers of the kidneys | specific gravity |
| high specific gravity indicates | concentrated urine |
| low specific gravity indicates | dilute urine |
| when a person is dehydrated one can expect the specific gravity of that person to be abnormally | high |
| Positive results indicate UTI | leukocyte esterase |
| is a screening test for identification of UTI's | nitrites |
| Nitrite test is about ___% accurate | 50 |
| leukocyte esterase is about ___% accurate | 90 |
| _____ is usually associated with poorly controlled diabetes | ketonuria |
| can be present in the following conditions; alcoholism, fasting, starvation, high protein diets, isopranol ingestion | ketonuria |
| may occur in acute febrile illnesses, especially in infants and children | ketonuria |
| obstruction of a bile duct by a gallstone will lead to | elevated urine bilirubin |
| bilirubin in the urine will color it | dark yellow or orange |
| by themselves, crystals cause no symptoms until | they form stones |
| stones only produce symptoms when they | obstruct the urinary tract |
| crystals may indicate | the formation of a renal stone |
| occur in the urine of patients with parathyroid abnormalities or malabsorption states | phosphat and calcium oxalate crystals |
| clumps of materials or cells that form in the renal distal and collection tubules, where material is maximally concentrated | casts |
| for ___ to form the pH must be acidic and the urine concentrated | casts |
| conglomerations of protein and are indicative of proteinuria, a few may be present after strenuous exercise | hyaline casts |
| sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, creatinine, glucose, GFR | components of the chem 7 at Duke |
| normal sodium ____ mmol/L | 135-145 |
| normal potassium ____ mmol/L | 3.2-4.8 |
| normal chloride ____ mmol/L | 98-108 |
| normal carbon dioxide ____ mmol/L | 21-30 |
| normal urea nitrogen ___ mg/dL | 7-21 |
| normal creatinine ___ mg/dL | 0.7-1.4 |
| increased BUN is called | uremia |
| decreased renal blood flow | prerenal uremia |
| urea backed up into blood from lower urinary obstruction | postrenal uremia |
| diseases or toxicities that affect glomeruli, renal microvascular or tubules | renal uremia |
| proportional to muscle mass, usually higher in men than women | serum creatinine |
| stable in health at a ratio of 1:10 | BUN:creatinine ratio |
| lower in liver disease, starvation, acute tubular necrosis | BUN:creatinine ratio |
| Higher (with normal Cr) in prerenal uremia, high protein diet, GI bleed | BUN:creatinine ratio |
| Higher (with high Cr is called “azotemia”) in renal disease & failure | BUN:creatinine ratio |
| can be caused by preeclampsia, multiple myeloma, temperature extremes, fever, exercise, position, stress | proteinuria |
| main cause of glycosuria | diabetes |
| product of fat breakdown | ketones |
| product of hemoglobin breakdown | bilirubin |
| a few hyaline casts on urinalysis is | normal |
| RBC casts | acute glomerulonephritis |
| WBC casts | acute pyelonephritis |
| epithelial casts | tubular necrosis |
| granular casts | nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis |
| waxy casts | tubular atrophy, renal failure |
| bacterial casts | pyelonephritis |
| fatty casts | proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome |
| ___ can be estimated by blood level of creatinine | GFR |
| ___ indicates level of kidney function | GFR |
| ___ calculations do not apply in acute situations or in patients on dialysis | GFR |
Created by:
bwyche
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