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APUSGov. - U1, S3
AP US Gov. - Unit 1, Section 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| block grant | Federal funding to state and local governments for general functional areas, such as criminal justice or mental-health programs, rather than for specific programs. |
| categorical grant-in-aid | Federal funding for states or local governments that is for very specific programs or projects. |
| commerce clause | (Article I, Section 8) The section of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate trade among the states, with foreign countries, and with the Native American tribes. |
| concurrent powers | Authority held jointly by the national and state governments. |
| confederal system of government | tA system of government consisting of a league of independent states, each having sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited and delegated powers over the states. |
| cooperative federalism | The theory that the states and the national government cooperate in solving problems. |
| direct regulation | Government regulation targeted at a specific firm or industry, as opposed to a regulation that's not targeted at a specific firm or industry but affects them anyway, as is the case with some environmental regulations. |
| horizontal division of power | Granting some powers to one government and some to another. A horizontal division of power separates power between executive, legislative, and judicial branches. |
| vertical division of power | Granting some powers to one government and some to another. A vertical division of power separates power between national and state governments (federalism). |
| dual federalism | A system of government in which the states and the national government have coequal sovereign powers. Under dual federalism acts of states within their reserved powers could be legitimate limitations on the powers of the national government. |
| enumerated powers | Powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution. The first seventeen clauses of Article 1, Section 8, specify most of Congress' enumerated powers. |
| expressed powers | Presidential powers expressly written into the Constitution or congressional statute. |
| federal mandate | eFederal rules requiring compliance by states and municipalities in order to obtain federal grant money, or rules requiring states to pay the costs of specific nationally-defined programs. |
| federalism | A system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional or subdivisional governments. |
| framer | Authours of the Constitution |
| full faith and credit clause | A section of the Constitution (Article IV, Section 1) requiring states to recognize the laws and court decisions of other states. Due to this clause, deeds, wills, contracts, and other civil matters in one state must be honored by all states. |
| Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) | This case determined that Congressional control over interstate commerce includes navigation. The result was to broaden the definition of interstate commerce to include all commercial exchanges. |
| horizontal federalism | Relations bw/t states. The USC imposes these requirements on states: give "full faith and credit" to other states' activities; allow citizens of other states the same privileges and immunities as citizens of their own; return fugitives from justice. |
| implied powers | Authority possessed by the national government by inference from those powers delegated to it in the Constitution |
| indirect regulation | Regulation that's not written to target a specific firm or industry but affects them anyway. |
| interstate commerce | The buying and selling of commodities, transportation, and other commercial dealings across state lines. It also includes radio, television, telephone, and telegraphic transmissions. |
| intrastate commerce | The buying and selling of commodities, transportation, and other commercial dealings entirely within a single state |
| interstate compact | Agreement between two or more states. The USC requires that these agreements receive Congressional consent, but in actuality agreements on minor matters go without Congressional consent. Today's interstate compacts mainly aid in solving regional problem |
| laboratories of democracy | A concept that advocates allowing states the freedom to approach and try to solve problems in whatever way seems right to them. Each state then acts as an "experiment," and the other states, as well as the federal gov, are able to learn from the results. |
| matching fund | An agreement between two levels of government in which each level agrees to contribute funds to a specific project. These agreements can be between any of the three levels: state, local, and fed. The "match" usually isn't dollar for dollar. |
| McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) | A case in which the Court upheld the power of the national government to establish a bank and denied the state of Maryland the power to tax a branch of that bank. |
| necessary and proper clause | The final paragraph of Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, which delegates legislative powers to the Congress. Also known as the elastic clause. |
| new federalism | A plan designed to limit the federal government's regulatory power by returning power to state governments. It gives states greater ability to decide for themselves how government revenues should be spent. |
| NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. | The case that upheld the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which guarantees labor the right to organize and bargain collectively and established the NLRB to regulate labor-management relations. |
| police power | The power and authority to promote and safeguard the people's health, morals, safety, and welfare. This is reserved for the states. Police power is the most vital power granted to the states by the Constitution. |
| privileges and immunities | Rghts/excptns prvded. USC prvds thm in 2 plcs: Artcl IV, Sctn 2 + the 14th Amndmnt. Accrdng 2 the 1st, sts c/n dscrmn vs the citis of othr sts + mst grnt vsitrs frm othr sts the sme prvlgs + immnts as thr own cits. The 14th was intndd 2 prsrv cvl lib. |
| reserved powers | Powers belonging to the state governments under the U.S. federal system; all powers not delegated to the national government, or prohibited to the states, as stated in the 10th Amendment. |
| secessions | A formal withdrawal from membership within an alliance. More narrowly, a state's withdrawal from the Union. The southern states claimed a right to withdrawal from the Union. Abraham Lincoln used his emergency powers to prevent them from doing so. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) | The basic federal antimonopoly law that prohibits monopolies in trade, or commerce. |
| supremacy clause | The provision in the USC (Article VI) that makes the USC, fedgov and laws>state and local laws that contradict them. The supremacy clause d/n give the fedgov absolute power in all areas, only issues where the fedgov has legal authority. |
| Unfunded Mandate Reform Act | A 1995 act passed by Congress requiring federal agencies to consult with state and local governments before imposing a mandate |
| unitary system of government | A centralized system of government in which smaller, subordinate governing units can exercise only those powers granted them by the larger, central government. |
| project grants | Grant programs in which state/local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis. Used in 60's and promoted federal power |
| formula grants | Grants in aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive. |
| unfunded mandates | National standards or programs imposed on state and local governments by the federal government w/out accompanying funding or reimbursement. |
| devolution | The policy of removing a program from one level of government be deregulating it or passing it down to a lower level, such as from the national government to the state and local governments. |
| state sovereign immunity | A legal doctrine holding that states cannot be sued for violating an act of Congress; Printz vs. United States |
| legislative supremacy | The preminent position assigned to Congress by the Constitution |
| executive privilege | The claim that confidential between the president and his/her close advisers should not be revealed without consent of the president. |
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