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ch18 out of many
chapter 18 out of many
Question | Answer |
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Oklahoma | state designated by the government as Indian Territory reserved for the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles) |
Curtis Act | act passed by Congress in 1898 which formally ended Indian communal land ownership and thereby legally dissolved Indian Territory |
Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 | assigned reservation in existing Indian territory to Comanches, Planes (Kiowa) Apaches, Kiowas Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, bringing these tribes together with the Sioux, Shoshones, and Bannocks |
Nez Perce Treaty | signed illegally on behalf of the entire tribe, in which Nez Perce abandoned 6 million acres of land in return for a small reservation in NE Oregon land. Led to Nez Perce wars which ended in 1877 with the surrender of Chief Joseph |
John Evans | territorial governor of Colorado, encouraged a group of white civilians, the Colorado Volunteers, to stage raids through Cheyenne campgrounds |
Sand Creek Massacre | the near annihilation in 1864 of Black Kettle’s Cheyenne band by Colorado troops under Colonel John Chivington’s orders to “kill and scalp all, big and little”. |
Great Sioux War | 1865~67 Oglala Sioux warrior Red Cloud fought U.S. army to a stalemate |
Treaty of Fort Laramie | the treaty acknowledging U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868 and supposedly guaranteeing the Sioux perpetual and an hunting right in SD, WY, and Montana |
Lieutenant Colonel George Aremstrong Custer | organized a surveying expedition to Black Hills in summer of 1874. were wiped out by the Cheyenne and Sioux |
Red River War | 1874~75 Kiowas and Comanches join Apaches in the bloodiest conflict of the era |
Nez Perce | had a good relationship with the whites and lived in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon |
Anaconda Copper Mining company | had mining interest throughout the west and expanded into hydroelectricity to become on the most powerful corporations in the nation |
Helldorados | many boomtowns which flourished only temporarily and were ethnically diverse communities |
tongs | fraternal societies created by the Chinese that lived in the west because of the gold rush |
Western Federation of Miners | formed in 1892 by miners in the Coeur d’Alene region of Idaho in the aftermath of a bitter and violent strike |
Caminetti Act | 1893 act giving the state the power to regulate the mines |
Sacramento River Commission | created by the Caminetti Act, began to replace free~flowing rivers with canals and dams |
United State v. Reynolds | 1879 case in which the Supreme Court finally ruled against polygamy and granted the freedom of belief but not the freedom of practice |
Edmunds Act | 1882 act that effectively disfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with imprisonment |
Edmunds~Tucker Act | 1887 act which destroyed the temporal power of the Mormon Church by confiscating all assets over $50,000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the Utah territory |
Santa Fe Ring | a group of lawyers, politicians, and land speculators, stole millions of acres from the public domain and grabbed over 80 percent of the Mexicano landholdings in New Mexico alone |
Estevan Ochoa | a merchant, philanthropist, and the only Mexican to serve as mayor of Tucson following the Gadsden Purchase, managed to build one of the largest business empires in the West. |
Juan Nepomuceno Cortina | also known as the Red Robber of the Rio Grande, him and sixty of his followers pillaged white~owned stores and killed four Anglos who had gone unpunished for murdering several Mexicanos |
Las Gorras Blancas | a band of agrarian rebels in New Mexico, who were destroying railroad ties and farm machinery. In 1890, they turned from banditry to political organizations and created El Partido del Pueblo Unido |
Hispanic~American Alliance | was formed to protect and right for the rights of Spanish Americans |
Mutualistes | mutual aid societies; provided sickness and death benefits to Mexican families |
Porfirio Diaz | president of Mexico from 1876 to 1911 and whose policies caused harsh living conditions to masses of poor people |
Joseph G. McCoy | built a cattle market in the eastern part of Kansas |
Sally Redus | road sidesaddle from Texas to Kansas with her baby and her husband |
Elizabeth Collins | turned her husband’s large ranch into a business and earned the title “Cattle Queen of Montana” |
lynching | execution, usually by a mob, without trial |
Homestead Act of 1862 | 1862 act which granted a quarter section (160 acres) of the public domain free to any settler |
National Land Company | founded in Chicago in 1869 organized 16 colonies of mainly European immigrants in parts of Kansas and Colorado |
Bon Homme colony | colony in SD established in 1874 for German Hutterites who lived in seclusion as much as possible |
John Deere | designed his famous “singing plow” that easily turned prairie grasses under and turned up even highly compacted soils |
Morrill Act of 1862 | act by which “land grant” colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs |
Hatch Act of 1887 | created a series of state experimental stations |
Timber Culture Act | 1873 act which allotted homesteaders an additional 160 acres of land in returned for planting and cultivating 40 acres of trees |
National Reclamation Act | 1902 act which added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the United States |
General Land Revision Act of 1891 | act which gave the president the power to establish forest reserves to protect watersheds against the threats posed by lumbering, over grazing, and forest fires |
Forest Management Act | 1897 act which, along with the National Reclamation Act, set the federal government on the path of large~scale regulatory activities |
Yosemite Act | in 1864 which placed the cliffs and giant sequoias under the management of the state of CA |
Yellowstone | named in 1872 as first national park |
Albert Bierstadt | German~born photographer who made canvases of surreal pictures |
Theodore Roosevelt | promoted view of excitement and adventure in the west when he became president |
Dime novels | the first western books reflected myths about Buffalo Bill, Deadwood Dick, and Calamity Jane |
William E. Cody | the former Pony Express rider, army scout, and famed buffalo hunter made sharpshooter Annie Oakley a star performer |
Artists | Charles Schreyvogel, Charles Russel, Frederic Remington (most famous of all Western artists) , |
Lewis Henry Morgan | devoted his life to the study of Indian family |
Alice Cunningham Fletcher | one of the most influential interpreters of culture of living tribespeople. |
Omaha Act of 1882 | act which allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands |
Helen Hunt Jackson | a noted poet and children’s book’s author lobbies for Indians to become Christians and put their children into boarding schools |
Dawes Severalty Act | an 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder opened for white settlement |
Indian Reorganization Act | passed in 1934 it affirmed the integrity of Indian cultural institutions and returned some land to tribal ownership |
Kit Carson | conquered the Navajos in 1863 and had them walk 300 miles to the reservation at which most died of starvation |