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ROW 2 Ch. 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three general categories of the psychological functions of religion? | Intellectual effects, affective effects and attitudinal effects |
| Who was the first anthropologist to attempt to define religion, emphasized religion's intellectual functions and stressed the role of religion in providing answers to important questions such as why thing exist, what causes death..ect.? | Sir Edward Tylor (1873) |
| People who have a Tylorian interest in religion think religions helps people do what? | Make sense out of the world in which they live. |
| Even though the guidelines are not produced with the self-conscious intent that may guide scientific research, religious guidelines for coping with the human and nonhuman world around us tend to survive in the long run because | they work |
| Maladaptive religious guidelines do not survive as long because groups that follow them are more prone to become | extinct |
| Descrive affective functions of religion | Individuals confronted with dangerous task more willing to do them because their religious beliefs promise safety or rewards on the next life. ex. ppl affraid of flying or taking test will pray |
| WHo placed great emphasis on the fact that religious rituals, particularly magical rituals may play a role in helpng ppl function in dangerous situations where fear might otherwise undermine the effectiveness of their behavior? | Bronislaw Malinowski (1935) |
| Who found that rituals were common among pitchers (who are least able to control their results of their own efforts) while outfielders ( who have the greatest control over their own success or failure) rarely performed them? | George Gmelch |
| What are Attitudinal Functions of Religion? | Religion based feelings of guilt or shame can inhibit the violation of social norms, provides positive incentives that motivate altrusistic behavior and behavior that benefits others more than self. |
| Long term survival of the entire community may be fostered by the motivational guidelines that _________ provides to individulas. | Religion |
| Altruistic | Self sacrifice, to help others, encourages ppl to be charitable, Religion promotes a harmonious social existence. |
| The relationship between biology and culture can be conceptualized as one in which biological factors set the _________ of an individual's ability to function effectively in the presence of various stresses, while culture and social life determine what? | thresholds, which stresses and what level of stress the individual memebers of a society must cope with. |
| When a particular life stress exceeds an individual's_______ of coping for that particular stress, the individuals behavior will begin to show symptoms associated with particular mental disorders. | threshold |
| Mystical experience | An esctatic psychological state of feeling oneself merged with the divine. An individual thing, not a culture or group thing. ex. Joan of Arc |
| Seymour Parker (1962) summarized the traits that are typically found in cultures with dissociative disorders/hysteria as including | 1) early socialization that is not sever and in which there is a high level of need gratification, 2. a corresponding emphasis on communal values and expectations of mutual aid and 3. a markedly low ranking of femal roles compared with male roles. |
| When the needs of individuals , esp. those of low social rank who are not permitted to meet their own needs through self-reliant assertiveness, are occationally not met by others, those individuals are likely to manifest the symptoms of what? | A dissociative disorder, anxiety about unmet needs that express itself as a dependant or manipulative behavior that seeks need gratification from others. an ex. would be a spirit possession, have no voice but want a voice. |
| In societies where anxiety disorders are common because of expectations to function autonomously and to be social dominant over others w/o relying on emotional support from others what is practiced? | Visionary trances and spirit travel trances, in those type of societies this is common. |
| Describe a spirit-travel trance | head priest puts you into a trance where you are like a baby, all you do is lay there and travel. Some last 7 yo 14 days. |
| Does a person going through a visionary trace have to do anything? | no |
| Why are spirit-travel trances and visionary trances done? | These religious practices can be thought of as therapeutic outlets for the psychological need to have dependency needs met by others rather than, as is usually demanded, by one's own independant efforts. |
| Who saw religion as a psychopathology, an obsessive neurosis by which ppl attempt to cope with frustration and remorse? | Sigmund Freud |
| Who felt like other neuroses religion prevents ppl from viewing the world realisticaly and he therefore hoped that humankind would eventually outgrow the psychological need for religion. | Sigmund Freud |
| A similarly negative view was shared by many social scientist in the fist half of the 20th century even before Freud became popular, and they often saw religious experience and religious status in terms of_________ | Deviance |
| obessive deductivism | You start with a theory and interpret the facts. If your theory is so important that you ignore disconfirming data. |
| Recent reports claim religious persons in western cultures tend to have a higher likelihood fo dogmatism and prejudice toward social groups other than their own, but tend to experience less what? | delinquency, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse than do less religious ppl. |
| data is irrelevant, the mindset that acceps tradition authority and dogma | obsessive Deductivism |
| Spirit possession is not caused by spirits, what is it caused by? | An everyday event. singing, drums. |
| Who studied spirit possession in the village of Shanti Nagar? | Stanley and Ruth Freed |
| What is an example of why as spirit possession may happen? | When a young woman marrys, the stress of the sexual demands of the husband. |
| What is a psychological benefit from undergoing spirit possession for a young married woman? | A young bride who has difficulty adjusting to having sex may not be visited by the husband whilse she is suffering. |
| rituals help their participats experience what? | De-stressing |
| Some ____ re-establish the role of culture in society over nature or Biology. | Rituals |
| According to _______, in its psychological function ritual provides a dramatic frame within distressful feelings that are normally repressed are evoked at aesthetic distance, thereby allowing participants in the drama of the ritual to de-stress | Scheff |
| People can be overwhelmed by grief or other emotions, but expression of these emotions in the setting of religious ritual can make them easier to experience because.... | it is the nature of ritual to communicate a sense of control and structure. |
| When needs are not met by society it leads to what? | Anxiety problems. Ex. Hysteria aka dissociative disorders |
| How is religion a source of stress? | it may stimulate feelings of guilt for wrongs done to others or shame about the violation of piety norms. such feelings could mk someone set things right or become habitual feelings associated with depression |
| ASC | Alteredstates of consciousness, trace state possession state |
| Trance states | Psychological states in which a person loses his or her usual sense of spearateness from the world and engages in supernaturalistic thinking |
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