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WGU IOC4 - Module 7
20th Century America and Beyond
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| US enters WWI | Feb, 1916. Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare against armed vessels leading to what? |
| Lusitania | Brittish ship sunk by Germans killing 1200 people, 128 of which were Americans. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | January, 1917. British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. |
| Russian Revolution | 1917. 1st revolution overthrew the autocratic imperial monarchy. 2nd revolution organized by the Bolshevik Party effected a change in all economic, political, and social relationships in Russian society. |
| Poison Gas | First used in the trench warfare in WWI by the Germans. Started with chlorine, then phosgene, and mustard. Though it didn't have many casualties it had many injuries including blindness and blisters both internally and externally. |
| Tank | First invented and implemented by the British in WWI. Very problematic and needed many improvements but somewhat successful. |
| Machine Gun | Used for the first time in war in WWI. Germans were the first to have plenty on hand and use as defensive warfare. British had originally thought the machine gun worthless and by 1915 had sought to stock them. The French also had limited quantities. |
| Airplane | French pilot, Roland Garros, bolted steel deflectors to his propeller, which permitted him to fire a machine gun through it, making the airplanes offensive weapons. Germans also found a way to protect the propeller effectively. |
| The 1918 Flu Pandemic | This pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than WWI, at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. A fifth of the world's population was infected. |
| Treaty of Versailles | June 28, 1919. Peace settlement signed after World War One had ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia. Between Germany and the Allies. |
| Dawes Plan | The Dawes Plan was the result of negotiations between Germany and the US Government. The plan allowed the co-ordination of reparations repayments, making these more manageable. |
| Roaring 20's | A prosperous time period known by a few names, such as the Jazz Age, the Age of Wonderful Nonsense, and the Age of Intolerance. Most commonly known as what? |
| Consumerism | As the country experienced an extraordinary economic boom, the outlook of America shifted. People began receiving higher wages, and there was a sudden increase of spending on discretionary goods which advertisements claimed people could not live without. |
| Buying on Credit | The expansion of this program allowed customers to buy now and pay later. |
| Prohibition | Dec. 1917. The ban of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the US. 18th Amendment. |
| Flappers | These women wanted equality. They cut their hair, shortened their dresses, flaunting their breasts, they also believed in sexual freedom. This mindset led to a drastic increase in divorce rates. |
| Buying on Credit | The expansion of this program allowed customers to buy now and pay later. |
| Prohibition | Dec. 1917. The ban of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the US. 18th Amendment. |
| Flappers | These women wanted equality. They cut their hair, shortened their dresses, flaunting their breasts, they also believed in sexual freedom. This mindset led to a drastic increase in divorce rates. |
| National Origins Act | 1924. Established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America. Reduced annual total and restricted "new" immigrants from southern and easter Europe and Asia. |
| Revenue Act of 1926 | Highlights of the 1926 law included: the reduction of inheritance and personal income taxes; |
| Black Thursday | Oct. 24, 1929. The rise in stock prices faltered and investors nervously began selling. This caused the stock market to crash. |
| Laissez Faire Economics | This doctrine claims that an economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation, and be driven only by the market forces. The belief was that an unfettered market would achieve balance on its own |
| Keynesian Economics | If the poorer segments of society are given sums of money, they will likely spend it, rather than save it, thus promoting economic growth. Trends in the macroeconomic level can disproportionately influence consumer behavior at the micro-level. |
| Election of 1932 | During the Great Depression. Won by democrat FDR in a landslide. "I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people." |
| New Deal | FDR. Legislation to combat the Great Depression. Included measures aimed at relief, reform, and recovery. |
| Alphabet Agencies | Congress spawned dozens of acts and agencies. Many of these recovery agencies had long names and therefore became known by their initials. In all, the New Deal created 59 "alphabet agencies" that undoubtedly helped to get America out of the depression. |
| Social Security Act of 1935 | Established a system of old age, un-employment, and survivors insurance funded by wage and payroll taxes. (Not health insurance) |
| The Dust Bowl | "Dust Bowl" was a term born in the hard times from the people who lived in the drought-stricken region during the great depression. |
| Okies | During the 30s hundreds of thousands left the plains for the West Coast. So many migrated from Oklahoma that they were dubbed "Okies" in the popular press. |
| Huey Long | Flamboyant Sen. from Louisiana. "Share the Wealth" movement. Thought take and tax rich to help and give to the poor. Assassinated in 1935 but proved FDR's New Deal needed to do more. |
| Father Coughlin | Roman Catholic priest from Detroit. Spoke nationwide on the radio with a strange mix of crank monetary schemes and anti-semitism. |
| Frances Townsend | Physician. Proposed a plan giving the elderly a monthly pension but with the provision it must be spent in 30 days. . |
| Adolph Hitler | Nazi leader in Germany. Leader of the Holocaust. Eventually committed suicide. |
| Hideki Tojo | Prime Minister of Japan when the attack on Pearl Harbour took place plunging the Far East into a war which was to end with the destruction of Hiroshima in August 1945. For his part in leading Japan into World War Two, Tojo was executed as a war criminal. |
| Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He centralized all power in himself as the leader (il duce) of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with Hitler's Germany. |
| Fascism | A political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual. Stands for a centralized autocratic government with a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition |
| Quarantine Act | |
| "Cash and Carry" | Permitted Americans to sell munitions to nations able to pay for them in cash and able to carry them away in their own ships. |
| Lend/Lease Program | 1941. Plan approved by congress allowing US to sell, lend, lease, or transfer war materials to any country whose defense the President declared as vital to that of the US. |
| Pearl Harbor | Dec. 7, 1941. Japanese war planes attacked US Naval forces in Hawaii sinking 8 battleships and killing more than 2400 American Sailors. |
| Manhattan Project | $2 billion dollar research and production of atomic bomb approved by FDR after learning the Germans were working on one. |
| Robert Oppenheimer | Created the 1st atomic bomb. |
| The Holocaust | Hitler's eradication of 6 million European Jews |
| Auschwitz | Concentration and death camps run by Nazi Germany during World War II (1939-1945). Located in S Poland, the complex comprised the largest of the Nazi death and concentration camps, and its name has become forever associated with genocide. |
| Nuremburg War Crimes Trial | Twelve trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949. |
| Geneva Conventions | consist of four treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. |
| Japanese Internment Camps | Feb. 1942. Issei and Nisei (Japanese-Americans) held in detention centers. They could earn freedom starting in '43 by pledging loyalty and finding a job away from the west coast. FDR signed in response to racial fears after Pearl Harbor. |
| Manzanar | Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten concentration camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II. |
| "Rosie the Riveter" | Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in war factories during World War II, many of whom worked in the manufacturing plants that produced munitions and materiel. |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944. The day allied troops crossed the English Channel and opened a 2nd front in Europe. A mighty armada crossed a narrow strip of sea from England to Normandy, France, and cracked the Nazi grip on western Europe. |
| Battle of the Bulge | Dec. 16, 1944. Hitler's attempt to cut out 1/3 of American troops in Ardennes Forest. He only had temporary success. Largest battle fought by the Americans in WWII. |
| Midway | Strategic high water mark of Japan's Pacific Ocean war. Japan possessed general naval superiority over the US and could usually choose where and when to attack. After, the two opposing fleets were essentially equals, and the US soon took the offensive. |
| Iwo Jima | February 19–March 26, 1945. first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands, and the Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. The U.S. invasion, known as Operation Detachment, was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields. |
| Fall of Berlin | The deciding conflict between Nazism and Communism. Lasted from late April 1945 until early May. Before it was over, Hitler and many of his followers committed suicide. The city's defenders surrendered on May 2. |
| Winston Churchill | Prime Minister and leader for Britain in WWII |
| Charles De Gaulle | President and leader for the French in WWII |
| Josef Stalin | He was the leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R) Had he not attacked Germany the allies may have lost. It was the soviet army who defeated the Nazis and marched into berlin NOT the American French or British. |
| Cold War | War btwn USSR and US. Both were afraid to fight each other because of nuclear intelligence. Tried to make each other look foolish or fight verbally. Created havoc around the world. |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism." |
| Domino Theory | Theory in U.S. foreign policy after World War II stating that the “fall” of a noncommunist state to communism would precipitate the fall of noncommunist governments in neighbouring states.One theory used justifying American participation in Vietnam War |
| Truman Doctrine | Pledged American support for "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". Also included a request that Congress agree to give military and economic aid to Greece in its fight against communism. |
| Containment | United States government policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain any further spread of Communism in the world after World War II |
| Massive Retaliation | Dulles stated that the U.S. would respond to military provocation "at places and with means of our own choosing." This was interpreted to mean that the U.S. could respond to any foreign challenge with nuclear weapons. |
| Korean War | Soviet military forces swept through Manchuria and North Korea taking over Japanese control over these provinces. The US reacted in alarm when she realized the potential danger of having the strategic Korean peninsula controlled by communist forces. |
| 38th Parallel | President Truman proposed a joint occupation of Korea by the two powers where the Soviets would occupied the territory north of this parallel, while the U.S. would control the area south of the line. |
| Yalu River | Once America crossed this river, China sent in troops and pushed us back to the 38th Parallel where we stayed and stopped fighting. |
| General MacArthur | Led the US troops in the Korean War. Said if we didn't fight China now then eventually they will get too strong and we'll never beat them. |
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