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Research

QuestionAnswer
Systematic abstract of reality that serves some purpose Theory
Set of interrelated constructs, definitions, & propositions that present a view of the phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining/predicting the phenomena. Theory
Beliefs held to be true but unproven Assumptions
Predicts the relationship between two or more variables Hypothesis
Hypothesis type that predicts a relationship Directional hypothesis
Hypothesis type that predicts no relationship Null hypothesis
The cause of the factor that is thought to influence the dependent variable Independent variable
The effect or variable that is influenced by the researcher's manipulation or control Dependent variable
Research that is concerned with objectivity, tight control over the research situation & ability to generalize findings Quantitative Research Design
Concerned with the subjective meaning of an experience to an individual Qualitative Research Design
Process of developing generalizations from specific observations Inductive Reasoning
Process of developing specific predictions from general principles Deductive Reasoning
Investigator plays an active role & has more control over research situation Experimental Research
Collects data about something without manipulating anything Non-experimental Research
A subgroup of a population Sample
A miniature trial version of the planned study Pilot study
Determine the feasibility, test the instruments that can be used, obtain experience, & identify the potential problems in data collection Reasons for a pilot study
Reads interprets & evaluates research for the applicability to nursing practice BSN
Identifies nursing problems that need to be investigated BSN
Uses nursing practice as a means of gathering data BSN
Shares research findings with colleagues BSN
Analyzes & reformulates nursing practice problems so that scientific knowledge & methods can be used to find solutions MSN
Critiques and analyzes research findings for application to clinical practice MSN
Enhances the quality of clinical relevance of nursing research by providing expertise in clinical problems and by providing knowledge about the way in which these clinical services are delivered MSN
Facilitates investigations of problems in clinical setting MSN
Conducts investigations for the purpose of monitoring the quality of the practice of nursing in a clinical setting MSN
Assists others to apply scientific knowledge in nursing practice MSN
Provides leadership for the integration of scientific knowledge with other sources of knowledge for the advancement of the practice Doctorate
Conducts investigations to evaluate the contribution of nursing activities to the well being of clients Doctorate
Develops methods to monitor the quality of the practice of nursing in a clinical setting and to evaluate contributions of nursing activities to the well being of patients Doctorate
The explicit integrating of clinical research evidence with pathophysiologic reasoning, health provider experience & patient preferences in the provision of care Evidenced Based Practice
A measurable characteristic that varies among the subjects being studied Variables
Function to guide scientific inquiry Hypothesis
Are conclusions that follow from premises or assumptions inherent in the theory Hypothesis
Are vehicles through which theories are linked to real world situations Hypothesis
States that non difference exists between two variables Null hypothesis
Used because they suit the statistical techniques that determine whether an observed relationship is a chance or true relationship Null hypothesis
Predicts a relation will exist & the nature of the relationship Directional hypothesis
Predicts the expected direction of the relationship between variables Directional hypothesis
An extensive, exhaustive & critical examination of publications relevant to the research project Review of Literature
Predicts that a relationship does exist but does not stipulate the direction of the relationship Non-directional
Develops the theoretical framework for the study Review of Lit
Used to understand the status of research in the problem area Review of Lit
Used to provide clues to methodology & instrumentation Review of Lit
Estimates the potential for success of the proposed study Review of Lit
Research reports published by researchers who conducted the study Primary source
Description of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher Secondary source
Decision involves whether or not to receive a treatment Therapeutic Research
No risks involved, Minimal risks involved Non-Therapeutic Research
Published 1948, Written in response to Nazi atrocities, First code "voluntary consent of the human subject absolutely essential Nuremberg Code
Doesn't make a distinction between therapeutic & non-therapeutic experiments Nuremberg Code
Adopted by the 18th World Medical Assembly in 1964. Revised in 1975. Emphasizes a distinction between therapeutic & non-therapeutic experiments Declaration of Helsinki
Physicians must be free to use new unproven therapeutic measures if doing so offers hope for an improved outcome Declaration of Helsinki
Physician should obtain the patient's consent BUT if physician considers it essential to not obtain consent then the reason should be stated in the experimental protocol & assessed by the independent committee (IRB) Declaration of Helsinki (Therapeutic Research)
Physicians may combine clinical research with professional care only to the extent that the clinical research is justified by its expected therapeutic value Declaration of Helsinki
Written in 1966, Differentiated between therapeutic & non-therapeutic research AMA Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Research
Physicians should obtain consent from patients when using investigational drugs/experimental procedures AMA Ethical Guidelines
Physicians should provide a reasonable explaination of drug/procedure and possible risks and benefits AMA Ethical Guidelines
If physician judges that disclosure of drug/procedure info would have an adverse affect on the outcome then the info can be withheld AMA Ethical Guideline
Requires that consent be obtained from legal guardian before minor or mentally incompetent person may be used as a subject in a NON-therapeutic experiment AMA Ethical Guidelines
Studies designed to gain an understanding of hepatitis and subsequently to test the effects of gamma globulin. Subjects were mentally disabled children who were deliberately infected.. Wonder what is going on nowadays behind closed doors?? Willowbrook Studies 1963-1966
Committee designed by an institution to review research involving human subjects. Institutional Review Board
Type of review needed for no risks or anticipated risk Exempt review
Type of review needed when risks are minimal, therefore reviewed by a single member of the IRB (chair) Expedited review
Full board review needed Full review
Individually identifiable health information PHI
Are researchers covered entities under HIPAA? No
Are a means for researchers to organize findings into a meaningful pattern Theories
Set of related statements that describe or explain a phenomena in a systematic way Theory
Can never be proven or confirmed Theories
Is a word, picture, or mental idea of a phenomena Concept
A general abstract explaination of the inter-relationship of concepts in a theory to be investigated Theoretical Framework
Phenomena are described or relationships between variables are examined Descriptive (Non-experimental)
Study of observing, counting, describing & classifying Descriptive (Non-experimental)
Asks questions: How prevalent is the phenomenon? How often does the phenomenon occur/what are the characteristics of the phenomenon? Descriptive (Non-experimental)
Conducted when little is known about the phenomenon of interest Exploratory (Non-experimental)
Goes beyond observing & describing Exploratory (Non-experimental)
Focuses on investigating the full nature of the phenomenon Exploratory (Non-experimental)
Data such as attitudes, opinions, perceptions, behaviors, health needs, sleep patterns Survey-self-report (Non-experimental)
Example of Gallup poles Survey-self-report (Non-experimental)
Examines strengths of relationship between variables by determining how changes in one variable are assc'd with changes in the other Correlational Studies (Non-experimental)
Concerned with a cause and effect relationship Experimental Design
All designs involve a manipulation or control of the independent variable & measurement of the dependent variable Experimental Design
Causal relationships are hard to establish esp when performed on humans Experimental Design
Confounding or intervening variables that researcher is unable to control. Also are study limitations Extraneous variables
The process of holding constant possible influences on the dependent variable under investigation Control
Important to maintain constancy of conditions Control
Ensures comparable groups so that extraneous variables are spread evenly (equalizes effects) Randomization
Used in an experimental design where one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment in a random order Repeated Measures
Helps to ensure equivalence between groups Repeated Measures
The degree to which subject are similar Homogeneity
Extraneous variables are not allowed in the study Homogeneity
Control of an extraneous variable in the design of the study as an independent variable Blocking (factorial design)
Using knowledge of subject's characteristics to form comparison group Matching
Match each subject in the experimental group to one in the control group Matching
Usually done post facto Matching
Concerns the degree to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variables Internal validity
History, Maturation, Testing-effects, Instrumentation changes, Selection Bias, Mortality Threats to internal validity
Results are because of subject difference before treatment, occurs because subjects are not randomly assigned to groups Selection Bias
Difference between pretest and posttest measurement caused by a change in instrument or judge rating Instrumentation changes
When some event besides experimental treatment occurs during course of study & it influences the dependent variable History
Changes that occur in subject during study that can influence results Maturation
The longer study lasts the more likely subjects will drop out Mortality
The degree to which study results can be genealized to other people or other settings External Validity
Hawthorne effect, Experimental effect, Pretest effect Threats to external validity
subjects respond in a certain manner because they are aware of being observed or know they are in a study Hawthorne effect
If researcher characteristics or behaviors influence subjects behaviors Experimental effect
Subject response to the experimental treatment are influenced by pretest Pretest effect
Usually very structured, data collection methods are very specific, little variation once data collection begins Quantitative design
More flexible, once data collection begins certain settings work better for interviews Qualitative designs
Those who receive something vs. those that don't. Groups are composed of different subjects Between-subjects
Comparison of same people under two conditions or at two points in time Within-subjects
Time-related process, phenomena that occur over time. ex. pain relief, learning, healing Time Design
Collection of data at one point in time. Is practical. Data collection is quick. No/little loss of subjects Cross-sectional designs
Data are collected at more than one point Longitudinal designs
Samples are selected at repeated intervals but samples are always drawn from same population Trends
Type of trend study looking at particular groups of subjects Longitudinal designs
Investigations of existing phenomenon in present is linked to other phenomenon that occurred in the past Retrospective design
Starts with a presumed cause and goes forward in time to the presumed effect, more costly than retrospective studies, requires a large sample Prospective study
Created by: albaker32
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