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8th Grade Vocabulary
The following terms will be used throughout the school year. Please study!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exposition | a fancy word for the beginning of the story - where the author “sets the stage” |
| Setting | the when and/or where the story takes place |
| Characters | the people, animals, or things in a story |
| Protagonist | the main character in a story (ex: Katniss from "The Hunger Games"; Russell Trainor from ) |
| Antagonist | the character and/or force working against the protagonist |
| Supporting | not a major character; doesn’t affect the plot or resolution |
| Conflict | struggles between opposing forces. There are many types of conflicts (EX: character vs. character; character vs. self, etc.) |
| Internal Conflict | takes place inside the character; it’s a struggle within the character; inside himself or herself |
| External Conflict | takes place outside the body; it’s between the character and an outside force |
| Rising Action | is series of action that sets up the conflict - in this part of the story tension builds, and works its way up to the climax/crisis/turning point |
| Climax/Crisis/Turning Point | the high point or turning point where the conflict comes to a head and is decided for one side or the other (usually the most exciting point in the story); after this the reader can often predict the stories ending |
| Falling Action | events that happen after the climax/crisis/turning point; sometimes the falling action is non-existent because the resolution/conclusion occurs immediately after the climax/crisis/turning point) |
| Resolution | the point of closure - also called the conclusion - when the conflict is worked out - the end |
| Point of View | outlook from which a story is told; refers to speaker, narrator, or voice; depends on two factors: physical situation of the narrator as an observer and speaker’s - intellectual and emotional position |
| First Person Point of View | narrator is a character and everything is observed and felt through that character only (I, We,) |
| Second Person Point of View | narrator is telling the story to another character using "you" (choose your own adventure books) |
| Third Person Limited Point of View | focuses on the thoughts and feelings of one character and observes the plot through their eyes (he, she, they) |
| Third Person Omniscient Point of View | narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems and stands “outside” of story looking in (all- knowing, he, she, they) |
| Objective | states the facts and the facts only |
| Subjective | states opinions, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions occurring in a character’s mind |
| Central Idea | the most important topic of any piece of media |
| Theme | a lesson learned |
| Literal | taking words in their usual or most basic meaning; free from exaggeration |
| Figurative | departing from a literal meaning of words; exaggeration |
| Simile | an expression comparing one thing to another, using the words “like” or “as” |
| Metaphor | an expression that equates or compares two different things, without using the words “like” or “as” |
| Idiom | an expression with a meaning different from the literal meaning of the individual words. (getting cold feet = nervous) |
| Symbolism | when something stands for something else |
| Alliteration | the repetition of the same consonant sound in words occurring near one another |
| Onomatopoeia | the use of a word that sounds like its meaning |
| Personification | the giving of a personal nature or human characteristic to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form |
| Allusion | a reference to something or someone who is well-known |
| Hyperbole | exaggerated statement or claims not meant to be taken literally |
| Analyze | examine in detail the structure of something, especially information, for the purpose of explaining and interpreting |
| Argument | a reason or set of reasons given with the purpose of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong |
| Cite | quote as evidence for an argument or statement; mention as an example |
| Claim | state that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof |
| Compare | discuss the similarities and differences |
| Contrast | discuss ONLY the differences |
| Connotative | suggest in addition to the literal meaning |
| Demonstrate | clearly show the truth of something by giving proof or evidence |
| Dialogue | conversation between two or more people |
| Evidence | providing facts or information indicating whether a belief is true or valid |
| Explicit | stated clearly; evidence can be found and pulled directly from text to support answer |
| Explanatory Writing | writing for the purpose to explain |
| Focus | the topic being written and/or read about |
| Inference | conclusion reached based on the evidence provided |
| Literary Text | a piece of written material, such as a book or poem, that has the purpose of telling a story or entertaining, as in a fictional novel |
| Narrative Writing | fiction or nonfiction writing that is focused on telling a story |
| Persuasive Writing | form of writing in which someone tries to get readers to agree with a position |
| Structure | how a piece of writing is organized |
| Summary | a brief statement of the main points of something |
| Support | examples that help an argument or explanation hold true |
| Plot | the series of events in a story that gives it structure and direction |
Created by:
MHJH8
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