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Gilded Age
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Interstate Commerce Act | Prohibited unfair practices by railroads such as charging higher rates for shorter routes. |
| Laissez-faire | theory that government should not interfere in the operation of the free market. |
| Electricity | Invention that allowed factories to operate all night. |
| Bessemer Process | New technological process which made steel more affordable and profitable. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Businessman who made his fortune refining oil; founded Standard Oil Co. (monopoly). |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Completed in 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah. Made it possible to travel by land to California and led to the creation of a national market. |
| Labor Unions | Organized workers to act as a group, not as an individual, to leverage for better working conditions. |
| Child Labor | Were used to move, clean, or fix large machines since they were small enough to fit between the parts. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Carnegie's theory that the rich were obligated to help communities by giving back in the form of libraries and schools but NOT giving directly to individuals. |
| Robber Barons | Businessmen who used ruthless tactics to destroy competition and keep workers' wages low. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Scottish immigrant who made his fortune in steel monopoly; known for his "Gospel of Wealth" |
| Captains of Industry | Businessmen known for their positive contributions to the modern industrial economy. |
| Philanthropy | Act of "charitable giving" |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a product or service; the elimination of fair competition |
| Anti-Trust Acts | Laws designed to prevent companies from engaging in unfair practices that eliminated fair competition. |
| Social Darwinism | Economic philosophy based on the "Survival of the Fittest" |
| Great Plains | Area of the country settled by farmers that were brought to the area from the east by the Transcontinental Railroad. |
| Gold Rush | Miners were attracted to the area by discovery of precious metals. |
| Tenements | Single room apartments often without heating, lighting, or sewage. |
| Political Bosses | Corrupt city government officials who promised to provide services and jobs in exchange for votes. |
| Cattle drive | Movement by cowboys of cattle to rail stations in the north to connect to markets in the east. |
| Ethnic ghettos | Immigrant neighborhoods made up of people of similar nationality, |
| New Immigrants | Mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe; mostly Catholic & Jewish. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | First federal law restricting Asian immigration to the United States. |
| Push and Pull Factors | War, famine, drought, economic opportunity, education |
| Indian Wars | Battles of Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee, Sand Creek Massacre; done to drive Indians onto reservations. |
| Dawes Act | Law that divided up reservations and destroyed Indian culture. |
| Political Machine | Unofficial city organized designed to keep a party in power; usually corrupt and used bribes to get immigrant votes. |
| Assimilation | Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture. |
| Homestead Act | 1862 law that gave free land to citizens in the Great Plains; led to the closing of the frontier & settlement of the West. |
| Urbanization | Growth of large cities; movement from rural to urban. |
| Tammany Hall | Most notorious political machine designed to keep Democrats in control of NYC; led by "Boss Tweed." |
| Americanization | Learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans. |
| Nativism | Dislike of foreigners. |
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