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Broyles 607 Final
Broyles Final Exam for 607
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Laryngeal Cancer? | Cancer of the Larynx |
| What is caused by any condition that causes hypoventilation (chronic lung disease such as emphysema, asthma, splinting of the chest, high doses of narcotic drugs, myasthenia gravis? | Respiratory acidosis |
| What is Blood pH? | The blood pH is a measurement of alkalinity and acidity and normal range is 7.35 - 7.45 |
| What is the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose, and esophagus. The patient breathes through an opening in the neck, a stoma. It is done in cases of laryngeal cancer. | Laryngectomy |
| What is a slow respiratory rate of fewer than 12 breaths per minute? | Bradypnea |
| What is caused by any condition that causes hyperventilation (anxiety)? | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| What is an abnormally rapid rate of breathing? | Tachypnea |
| What is a deep and labored breathing pattern associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure. It is a form of hyperventilation. | Kussmaul's Respirations |
| Explain pressure in the lungs | The pleural cavity around the lungs is an airtight vacuum that contains negative pressure. The air in the lungs is atmospheric pressure and is higher than the pleural cavity. The negative pressure assists in keeping the lungs inflated. |
| How are sputum specimens used? | Sputum specimans are used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. |
| What is an abnormal pattern of respiration characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing? | Cheyne-Stokes Respirations |
| What is a Tonsillectomy? | A tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which the tonsils are removed. Sometimes the adenoids are removed at the same time. |
| What disease may be either chronic or acute and is the most common throat inflammation and frequently accompanies the common cold. It is usually viral in origin but can be caused by hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, or other bacteria? | Pharyngitis |
| What are the nursing interventions for Pharyngitis? | Warm saline gargles, Assess level of pain and offer medications as ordered, Encourage oral intake of fluids, Offer frequent oral care, Observe and record patient's hydration status, Monitor I&O and patient's temperature, Maintain IV therapy if indicated. |
| What are the nursing interventions for a tonsillectomy? | Watch for frequent swallowing, which may indicate bleeding, Maintain patent airway; keep patient lying on side as much as possible to prevent aspiration,promote rest, warm saline gargles, ice chips, and ice collar as needed, Assess hydration |
| What clasification of medications are used to reduce congestion and secretions? | Antihistamines |
| What classification of medications are prescribed to dilate bronchioles and remove secretions. | Expectorants |
| What is an inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses? | Acute rhinitis (or acute coryza), known as the common cold |
| What are the nursing interventions for a Laryngectomy? | Airway maintenance through proper suctioning techniques, Skin integrity surrounding the tracheal opening should be assessed; the nurse should be alert for signs of infection, monitor I&O, Provide pt with implements for communication |
| What classification of medications are used to reduce cough? | Antitussives |
| What is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae? | Pleural Effusion |
| What is an inflammatory process of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar spaces that is caused by an infection and can also be caused by oversedation, inadequate ventilation, or aspiration? | Pneumonia |
| What is an abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of lung tissue, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen) occurs from occlusion of air (blockage) to a portion of the lung? | Atelactasis |
| What is an abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air that enters the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body? | Hypoventilation |
| What is a collection of blood into the pleural space? | Hemothorax |
| What is an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura and can be caused by either a bacterial or viral infection? | Pleurisy |
| What is a collection of air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse? | Pneumothorax |
| What are two or more ribs fractured in two or more places? | Flail Chest |
| What is a sudden blockage in a lung artery, usually due to a blood clot that traveled to the lung from a vein in the leg. | A pulmonary embolism (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE |
| What is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the alveoli distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls? | Emphysema |
| What is an accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, as a result of infection? | Empyema |
| What is a chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary (outside of the lung) infectious disease acquired by inhalation of a dried droplet nucleus containing a tubercle bacillus into the alveolar structure of the lung? | Tuberculosis |
| What infection is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis? | Anthrax |
| What are the 3 types of Anthrax? | Cutaneous, Gastrointestinal and Inhalation |
| What type of pneumonia first identified in 1976 causes lung consolidation and alveolar necrosis. The disease progresses rapidly (less than 1 week) and can result in respiratory failure, renal failure, bacteremic shock, and ultimately death? | Legionnaires Disease |
| What disease is characterized by a recurrent or chronic productive cough for a minimum of 3 months a year for at least 2 years. It is caused by physical or chemical irritants and recurrent lung infections? | Chronic Bronchitis |
| Which disease involves episodic increased tracheal/ bronchial responsiveness to various stimuli, resulting in widespread narrowing of the airways, which usually improves either spontaneously or with treatment and is classified as extrinsic or intrinsic? | Asthma |
| What is extrinsic Asthma | Extrinsic is caused by external factors, such as environmental allergens (pollens, dust, feathers, animal dander, foods, etc.) |
| What test is performed by passing a bronchoscope into the trachea and bronchi? | Bronchoscopy |
| What are low-pitched, grating or creaking lung sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during respiration? | Pleural Friction Rub |
| What is an abnormal cardiac condition characterized by hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart as a result of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation? | Cor Pulmonale |
| What are musical, high-pitched, squeaking or whistling sounds, caused by the rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles? | Sibilant wheezes |
| What is intrinsic Asthma? | Intrinsic is from internal causes, not fully understood but often triggered by respiratory infection |
| What are short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds that are most commonly heard during inspiration and is similar to that produced by hairs being rolled between the fingers while close to the ear? | Crackles |
| What are abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds? | Adventitious Sounds |
| What are the guidelines for the use of oxygen with the COPD patient? | Low-flow oxygen therapy is required for patients with COPD, because higher oxygen concentrations depress the body's own respiratory regulatory centers. |
| What are deep, running sound that may be continuous; loud, low, coarse sound (like a snore) heard at any point of inspiration or expiration? | Sonorous wheezes (rhonchi) |
| What is Hematemesis? | Vomiting blood |
| What is inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney? | Glomerulonephritis |
| What is an infection or inflammation of the inner membranous lining of the heart, particularly the heart valves? | Endocarditis |
| What term is used to describe a group of heart muscle diseases that primarily affects the structural or functional ability of the myocardium? | Cardiomyopathy |
| What is a thickening of the valve tissue? | Stenosis |
| What is expectorating blood from the respiratory tract. | Hemoptysis |
| What is the inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the heart. It may be manifested as an acute or a chronic condition? | Pericarditis |
| What valve disorder occurs when the valve is unable to close completely? | Insufficiency |
| What definition is of or pertaining to a clot? | Thrombus |
| What is decreased blood supply to a body organ or part; often marked by pain and organ dysfunction? | Ischemia |
| What is the increase of the size of an organ or in a select area of the tissue? | Hypertrophy |
| What is a foreign object, quantity of air or gas, bit of tissue or tumor, or a piece of thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel? | Embolus |
| What is a clotting of blood within vessels of the legs caused by slowing of the circulation or an alteration of the blood vessel walls? | DVT or Deep Vein Thrombosis |
| What is a myocardial muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury and is useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction? | Troponin |
| What is a histamine response? | An inflammatory response in the mast cells of the lungs, caused by exposure to an asthma trigger. These cells release histamine and other inflammatory agents that cause circulating inflammatory cells to migrate to the lungs. |
| What is heparin? | An anticoagulant. Heparin doesn't dissolve an existing thrombus; its role is to keep it from enlarging and to prevent more thrombi from forming |
| What is pursed lip breathing? | PLB is a technique that helps people gain control of breathing while exercising or while experiencing breathing distress. It helps increase oxygen levels in the blood. |
| What is it when the heart contracts, the electrical activity is called what? | Depolarization |
| Which test is used to detect prior infection by Group A Streptococcus, the bacteria responsible for diseases such as strept throat, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, bacterial endocarditis, and scarlet fever? | ASO titer is a blood test to measure antibodies against streptolysin O, a substance produced by Group A Streptococcus bacteria |
| Which non-invasive test is used to measure blood flow in arteries or veins. This is helpful in assessing intermittent claudication, obstruction of deep veins, and other disorders of peripheral veins and arteries? | Doppler Ultrasound |
| Which invasive test is used to check for thrombus? | D-dimer: A serum test. D-dimer is a product of fibrin degradation (change to a less complex form). When a thrombus is present, plasma D-dimer concentrations are usually greater than 1591 ng/mL. The normal range for D-dimer is 68 to 494 ng/mL. |
| Which is the most common type of primary cardiomyopathy, characterized by ventricular dilation? | Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| Which type of primary cardiomyopathy results in increased size and mass of the heart because of increased muscle thickness (especially of the septal wall) and decreased ventricular size? | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| What may originate from rheumatic heart disease; viral, bacterial, or fungal infection; or endocarditis or pericarditis? | Myocarditis |
| What type of replacment heart valve is taken from a deceased human donor? | Homograft valve |
| What is it called when pericardial effusion restricts heart movement? | Cardiac tamponade |
| Which non-invasive test is used to assess the veins of the calf or other body extremities for changes in blood volume? | Plethysmograph |
| What is any abnormal condition that affects the blood vessels outside the heart and the lymphatic vessels. The word peripheral means pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area? | Peripheral vascular disease |
| What is an enlarged, dilated portion of an artery and may be the result of arteriosclerosis, trauma, or a congenital defect? | An aneurysm |
| Which disease is an occlusive vascular condition in which the small and medium-sized arteries become inflamed and thrombotic.? | Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease |
| What is inflammation of a vein in conjunction with the formation of a thrombus. | Thrombophlebitis |
| What are the primary focuses of patient teaching for Buerger's disease? | The hazards of cigarette smoking and its relationship to Buerger's disease |
| Which disease is caused by intermittent arterial spasms. There are intermittent attacks of ischemia of the body—especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose—caused by exposure to cold or by emotional stimuli? | Raynaud's disease |
| What test is done to diagnose the ability of the venous valves to support a column of blood by measuring venous filling time. | Trendelenburg's test |
| What occurs from chronic deep vein insufficiency and stasis of blood in the venous system of the legs? Other causes include severe varicose veins, burns, trauma, sickle cell anemia, diabetes mellitus, neurogenic disorders, and hereditary factors. | Venous stasis ulcers or leg ulcers |
| What may be used to protect an ulcer of the feet and provides constant, even support. A moist, impregnated gauze is wrapped around the patient's foot and leg & hardens into a “boot” that may be left on for 1 to 2 weeks or changed if there is drainage? | Unna's paste boot |
| What is the name of the neurohormone released from the left ventricle in response to volume expansion and pressure overload that has emerged as the blood marker for the identification of individuals with CHF? | B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) |
| What is the normal range for the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood marker? | 0 to 100 pg/mL |
| What are the signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock? | Decreasing blood pressure and weak, rapid pulse |
Created by:
bsmymicareo
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