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Biology Final 5-5-09
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 themes presented by Darwin? | - Organisms are variable to fitness - This fitness is, in part, heritable - More organisms exist than can be sustained - Traits increasing fitness will be propagated |
| Who is associated with Spheres of Influence? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Who is associated with the inheritance of acquired characteristics? | Lamarck |
| 4 (more)Themes of The Origin of Species | - The reality of evolution - N.S. is the main mechanism of evolution) - Common descent - Evolution through N.S. is slow |
| Speciation | Lineage splitting (/how new biological species arise) |
| The "Two Locus Model" applies to ______ model of speciation. | Sympatric |
| Name the three models of speciation. | 1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric 3. Peripatric |
| Give an example of altruism. | Ground squirrels making calls to alert other squirrels of predator birds. |
| Definition of senescence | The deterioration of somatic function over time |
| Behaviors can ______ over time. | evolve |
| "r" selction | Related to: Colonizing species Related to: Reduced competitive ability |
| "k" selection | Related to: Climax community Related to: Stable environments |
| REPRODUCTIVE SCHEDULES: Iteroparity | Reproduce more than once during lifetime |
| REPRODUCTIVE SCHEDULES: Semelparity | Reproduce once before dying |
| In class, we talked about Cod because: | It is an example of BIG BANG REPRODUCTION: - throw alot of energy towards getting big, fast - In Cod, fecundity is directly related to body size - In Cod, body size is directly related to body size (just keep on growing!) - VERY few survive |
| Tropics have more: | species diversity |
| SIMPLY PUT: What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? | Species diversity is maximized under an intermediate level of disturbance. |
| MORE IN DEPTH: What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? | At low levels of disturbance, the competitive dominant will exclude other species and species diversity will be low. At veyr high levels of disturbance, all taxa are excluded to some degree, as they cannot establish before being removed by dist events. |
| MORE IN DEPTH PART 2: What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? | There is enough to preclude competitive dominance by one species yet it is not so common as to prevent multiple species from establish themselves. |
| Why does small population size of an endangered species pose a problem to its continued existance? | - Small populations are subject to genetic drift and inbreeding...both reduce fitness. |
| Importance of fossils found in Burgess Shale: | Occurred in concert with Cambrian explosion |
| Best character that can be used tell what phylum any random worm is in: | Is the worm segmented |
| Cnidarians and Ctenophores both have ________ body plans. | radial |
| What lineage of fish shares a more recent common ancestor with tetrapods? | Lungfish |
| Name two traits associated with terrestriality | Exoskeleton Amniotic egg |
| What does Juncus do for a marsh? | Allows for more species diversity |
| 2 models for community dynamics | - Top Down Control of communities (Predator on down) - Bottom Up Control of communities |
| What are the two ways of defining a keystone species? | - Large amount of biomass.....on a macro scale...we're not talking about bacteria - **Exerts strong force/influence on a population** - **Usually a predator** |
| Why did Dolly the cloned sheep die so young? | Her DNA was too methylated |
| Chemically Gated Ion Channels | Stay open for as long as neurotransmitter is bound to it |
| What pull up the archenteron? | Filopedia |
| What are two methods of artificially activating an egg? | Ca2+ or electric shock |
| The bicuspid valve is the same as the ______ valve and is located on the ______ side of the heart. | Bicuspid = Mitral, left |
| List the 4 stages of animal development | 1. Fertilization 2. Cleavage 3. Gastrulation 4. Organogenesis |
| Mitochondrial genes are inherited through your _________. | mother |
| Miller and Urey are associated with: | "Abiotic Origin of Life" Conjecture The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic compounds. |
| Cartilage skeleton is not ______ it is ________. | primitive, derived |
| Why did we look at the Sea Lamprey? | It is the last remnants of jaw-less fish. |
| Give an example of a lobe-finned fish: | Coelocanth |
| Characteristics of vertebrates | Neural Crest, Mineralization, Cephalization, Closed Circulatory System, Vertebral Column |
| Hagfish are __________. | craniates |
| Name chordates that are not vertebrates: | - Tunicate - Sea Squirt - Lancelet |
| What are the 4 primary characteristics of Chordates? | - Neural Tube - Notochord - Post-anal tail - Pharyngeal slits |
| Placozoa | - Ancestor of bilateria - Simple and primitive, but NOT ancestral |
| Origins of segmentation...which one does parsimony advocate and why? | - The model with 3 origins...the fewest number of steps |
| Insects have a(n) ________ circulatory system | open....with hemolymph |
| 3 origins of flight: | 1) Insects 2) Flying reptiles 3) Birds |
| LH spike causes: | Ovulation |
| Detail the ovarian/uterine cycle | 1) Primary Oocyte 2) Follicle 3) Ovulation 4) Corpus Luteum 5) Degenerating Corpus Luteum |
| What do Leidig Cells produce? | Testosterone |
| Theca Cells produce | Progesterone |
| If single origin of segmentation is correct... | ...there has been widespread loss of segmentation |
| Uterine/Menstrual Cycle | Thickening of the endometrium through the proliferative phase and secretory phase |
| High levels of estrogen stimulates: | GnRH release |
| GnRH release triggers | LH spike |
| The three domains of life are: | - Domain Bacteria, Domain Eukarya, Domain Archea |
| Which two domains of life are most closely related? | Domain Archea and Domain Eukarya |
| Eukaryotes rely on prokayotes (Archea and Bacteria) for: | Nitrogen fixation, decomposition |
| r = ? | r=intrinsic rate of population size increase |
| k = ? | Carrying capacity |
| Who is associated with imprinting? | Konrad Lorenz.......think ducks |
| Digger Wasps | Recognize circular geometric patterns |
| What is operative conditioning? | Learning through trial and error. |
| Optimal Foraging Theory | - Behaviors have fitness consequences - Currency = Energy |
| Two examples of Foraging Theory | 1) Whelk Dropping by crows 2) Prey size selection by blue gills |
| What is special about female belding ground squirrels? | They are very highly related..., high r value |
| Example of colonial mammals | naked mole rats |
| Main problem facing Darwain | People still believed in blending inheritance |
| Adaptation | A trait acted upon by natural selection to fulfill a particular function |
| What is an example of a constraint on adaptation? | Turtle, must use its front appendages for digging and swimming. They are not designed to dig |
| Name the 3 species concepts | 1) Typological species concept 2) Evolutionary species concept 3) Biological species concept |
| Example of allopatric speciation | shrimp off the coast of Panama |
| 2 types of barriers: Post mating and premating....but which generally comes first? | Postmating generally comes before premating |
| Community Diversity depends on two things: Amount of different species in the area, and the proportion of these...which matters more? | The proportion matters more...it needs to be even/diverse, instead of one just totally dominating the other |
| Cod is an example of: | overexploitation (and big bang reproduction too) |
| Fast block to polyspermy | Depolarization of the membrane |
| Slow block to polyspermy | When the peri-vitalyne layer moves away as a result of the cortical reaction |
| The chick embryo has _________ cleavage and is thus ________. | PARTIAL cleavage, and is thus MEROBLASTIC |
| The frog embryo has _______ cleavage and is thus _______________. | frog embryo has COMPLETE cleavage and is thus HOLOBLASTIC |
| The notochord induces the formation of the ________. | NEURAL TUBE |
| What was the Spemann-Mangold Experiment? | Two frog embryos: 1 pigmented and 1 non-pigmented. A piece of the pigmented gastrula was transplanted on to the non-pigmented one. It matured into some sort of weird double embryo |
| Characteristics of stem cells: | - Relatively unspecialized - Can reproduce indefinitely - Can differentiate into many different specialized cell types |
| Embryonic Stem Cells are ____________. | PLURIPOTENT |
| What would cause an animal to want to go through big bang reproduction? | Need to get big fast...i.e. Cod. Need to reproduce now. Need to survive, survival rate is incredibly low. |
| Give an example of positive feedback | Stimulus: Infant's suckling Response: Mild released This makes the infant suckle even more This makes even more milk be produced |
| How are hormones carried throughout the body? | Through the bloodstream |
| Chemical messengers are either ________ or _________. | LOCAL or LONG DISTANCE LOCAL: diffusion.....slow LONG DISTANCE: bulk flow |
| What are the two types of local chemical messaging? | Paracrine Signaling and Synaptic Signaling |
| What hormones are associated with: Thyroid Gland | T3, T4, and Calcitonin |
| What hormones are associated with: Parathyroid Gland? | Parathyroid Hormone |
| What hormones are associated with: the Testes? | Androgens |
| What hormones are associated with: the Ovaries? | Estrogen and Progestin |
| What hormones are associated with: Pineal Gland? | Melatonin |
| What hormones are associated with: The Adrenal Cortex? | - Glucocorticoids and Mineralcorticoids |
| What hormones are associated with: the Adrenal Medulla? | - Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What are two types of hormones? Which one is faster? | Water soluble hormones(faster) and fat soluble hormones |
| What hormones are associated with: the Pancreas? | Insulin and Glucagon |
| Sometimes a hormone can have a different effect when it acts on different target cells. What is an example of this? | Epinehprine: + Can bind to liver cells to begin glycogen breakdown and release of glucose + Can cause dilation of a skeletal blood vessel |
| Hormonal Signaling has been _______ _______ over evolution | HIGHLY CONSERVED |
| What hormones are associated with: The Anterior Pituitary Gland? | Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) FSH LH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) ACTH |
| What two types of muscles are known for being striated? | Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle...although skeletal muscle is more known for being striated |
| What is the functional unit of muscle? | Sarcomere |
| What is a tropic hormone? | A hormone that controls the release of another hormone. |
| Endocrine disorder: Type 1 Diabetes | Not enough insulin being produced.......not enough insulin being produced....beta cells of pancreas have been destroyed |
| Defects in Hormone Responses: Type II Diabetes | Cells cannot take up insulin b/c it cannot bond to correct sites |
| Goiter | Tumor of thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency...hyposecretion...not enough hormone being produced in thyroid |
| What hormones do we associate with: The Posterior Pituitary? | Oxytocin and Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) |
| The Periferal Nervous System (PNS) is split into: | - Motor System and Autonomic System |
| Epidermal Cells | Circulate Cerebrospinal fluid |
| Schwann cells (PNS) | Glial cell.....MYELINATION OF AXONS |
| Digodendrocytes (CNS) | Glial cell.....MYELINATION OF AXONSfxf |
| Three components of the Mollusca body plan: | - Muscular foot - Mantle - Visceral Mass |
| 4 Major Classes of Phylum Mollusca: | - Bivalves - Gastropods - Cephalopods - Chitins |
| Examples of Cephalopods include: | - Octopus, Squid, Nautilus |
| Annelids are _______ worms. | segmented.....also remember that with segmentation comes specialization of function |
| Uniramians | - Centipedes - Milipedes - Insects |
| Echinodermata are exclusively _________ and examples include: | sea cucumber, sea star, brittle star, sea urchin |
| Did Archaeopteryx have powered flight? | Probably not, it looks like it was a glider |
| Mammalian traits: | mammary glands, hair, endothermy |
| 3 Mammal Groups: | Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals |
| Example of a monotreme | duckbill platypus |
| What came first: Bidpedalism or Encephalization? | |
| Human/Chimp split goes back more than ______ mybp. | 6 mypb |
| 2 Hypotheses for origin of anatomically modern humans: | - OUT OF AFRICA HYPOTHESIS / REPLACEMENT HYPOTHESIS - MULTI-REGIONAL HYPOTHESIS |
| Correct hypothesis for origin of anatomically modern humans: | - Out of Africa hypothesis / replacement hypothesis |
| The Neanderthals had larger brains than modern humans...true or false? | TRUE: The Neanderthals had larger brains than modern humans |
| The 3 "architects" of the modern synthesis: | Fisher, Wright, Haldane |
| Red Blood Cells = | ERYTHROCYTES |
| What is the "major stochastic force"? | genetic drift |
| What are random fluctuations in allele frequencies due to chance events? | genetic drift |
| Adaptation: Trait acted upon by natural selection in order to fulfill a particular function. | Adaptation: A trait is acted upon by natural selection (N.S.) in order to fulfill a particular function. |
| Give examples of pre-mating barriers / isolating mechanisms: | mechanical (key does not fit in hole), temporal (timing not right) |
| Give examples of post-mating barriers / isolating mechanisms | hybrid sterility, zygote dies |
| When building phylogenetic trees, use: | different characteristics than the one that you are looking at |
| In the phylogeny of animals, we covered 4 grades. Ignoring Placazoa, which seemed the most problematic for use in defining clades? | presence of a coelem (acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coeolomates) |
| Major distinction(s) between the Cnidaria (jellies, corals, etc.) and the Ctenophora (comb jellies) are: | a. cnidocytes vs. colloblasts b. mechanism of locomotion c. species diversity |
| Which of the following forces will always “oppose” one another when considering two distinct populations | GENETIC DRIFT AND GENE FLOW |
| Molecular Clocks | Can use fossil record and bio-geography to date organisms |
| More on molecular clocks.....what can we assume? | ...a constant mutation rate and constancy among lineages |
| In the logistic model for growth, when does population growth stop? | When n = k |
| What is the number one cause of death for human beings | Malaria |
| The ecological process of competition depends on: | Resource limitation |
| Resource limitation leads to: | competition |
| Archea and _______ are more closely related than __________ | Eukarya, bacteria |
| The problem with protists is ______. | Paraphyly.......it is the "catch all group"....so diverse |
| 3 Examples of protists... | bull kelp, amoeba, euglena |
| Carolus Linnaeus ...."God's ________" | Carolus Linneaus God's Registrar |
| 3 examples of uniramians | - centipedes, millipedes, insects |
| 3 examples of chordates that are not vertebretes | - Tunicates, Sea Squirts, and lancelets |
| In the barnacle example we covered in treating interspecific competition, a difference between the realized and fundamental niche of a species | competitive inferiority |
| The unit of conservation is: | The gene, the species, the population, the community, or the ecosystem |
| Briefly explain how our discussion of Trichoplax (Placazoa) highlights the importance of the distinction between primitive/advanced and ancestral/derived | Trichoplax=simple,y apparently primitive, in many respects. However, recent data suggest that it is relatively derived group, compared to Poifera and/or the Radiata.it is both simple or primitive looking yet is not ancestral; it is simple and derived |
| Briefly outline why the small population size of endangered species poses a problem for their continued existence | Small popsize is assoc. with genetic drift y inbreeding; both cause a reduction in pop fitness, causing further reduction in popsize, leading to deterioration. This is the extinction vortex: below a threshold, populations are doomed to extinction |
| The neural crest is: | an "embryonic source of many unique vertebrate characters" |
| The cloning of humans: REPRODUCTIVE CLONING VS. THERAPUTIC CLONING | reproductive cloning: to make a child....................................Theraputic Cloning/Cell replacement therapy: Use stem cells to replace diseased cells of a patient |
| Embryonic Stem Cells are pluripotent | Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent |
| Example of a receptor ligand interaction: | Receptor ligand interaction example: Signal transduction pathway....remember that relay proteins/molecules pass signal along |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM relies on ______(_______) which are ________. | chemicals (hormones) which are slower |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM relies on _______ & _______ signals, which are _________. | electrical and chemical, which are faster |
| Stem cells are taken from the _________ or the ____ ________. | blastocyst, bone marrow |
| example of negative feedback in the endocrine system: | Stimulus: low stomach ph........Response: bicarbonate released from pancreas into the intestine (bicarbonate is a base and increases pH) |
| What is a hormone? | A chemical signal that affects other parts of the body |
| Local chemical messengers work though: | diffusion....slow.....only works well locally....there are 2 types |
| 2 types of local chemical messengers: 1) Paracrine Signaling 2) Synaptic signaling | 2 types of local chemical messengers: 1) Paracrine signaling 2) synaptic signaling |
| Long Distance chemical messengers work though: | bulk flow |
| What are known as "major producers of hormones"? | endocrine glands |
| Why are water soluble hormones faster than fat soluble hormones? | Water soluble hormones do not need to undergo transcription in the nucleus |
| Fat soluble hormones....how do they move around? | Fat soluble hormones need transport proteins in order to move around in the bloodstream |
| Give an example of: A hormone that can have different effects on different target cells: | Epinephrine: 1) (beta receptor) Binds to liver cells: Makes liver break down glycogen into glucose.......2) Binds to skeletal muscle cell and causes vasodialation |
| Glucose level homeostasis is maintained through: | Glucose level homeostasis is maintained through: INSULIN / GLUCAGON |
| Type 1 diabetes: | beta cells of pancreas are destryoed......no insulin is produced.....leads to high blood glucose levels |
| Type 2 diabetes: | Target cells do not respond to insulin.......high blood glucose levels |
| Skeletal muscle has no ____ junctions. | Skeletal muscle has no GAP junctions. |
| Tropic hormone: | A hormone that affects the release of another hormone |
| During the acrosomal reaction, _______ enzymes break down the jelly coat: | Hydrolytic enzymes break down the jelly coat during the acrosomal reaction. |
| Goiter: | tumor of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency.........hyposecretion of T3, T4, and Calcitonin |
| The peripehral nervous system (PNS) is split into the: | The PNS is split into the Motor System and the Autonomic System |
| What do microglial cells do? | Microglial cells phagocytose microorganisms |
| What myelenate axons in the PNS? | Schwann Cells myelenate axons in the PNS? |
| Astrocytes | Astrocytes are glial cells that maintain structures of neurons |
| Membrane potential of the cell: | It is typically -70 inside the cell |
| GRADED POTENTIALS: | GRADED POTENTIALS are slower, local, current is decremental (strong close by but weak far away), can be polarizing or depolarizing....depend on CHEMICALLY GATED ion channels |
| ACTION Potentials: | Rapid LARGE alterations of membrane potential...only depolarizing.....long distance, "all or nothing"..........depend on VOLTAGE GATED ion channels |
| During rapid repolarization of a membrane, what rushes out? | K+ (potassium) |
| The _____ the diameter of an axon, the faster the conduction of an action potential. | The LARGER the diameter of the axon, the faster the conduction of an action potential. |
| Why myelate axons with SCHWANN CELLS (PNS) and DIGODENDROCYTES? (CNS) | To speed up the signal |
| What are chemical signals of the nervous system? | Neurotransmitters are chemical signals of the nervous system. |
| SUMMATION OF POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS in GRADED POTENTIALS: | Temporal summation: does not return to resting potential before two fire very close together.............Spatial summation...two fire at same time and add together |
| The PNS is split into the efferent and afferent.....which is split into the motor and autonomic systems....and the autonomic system is split into: | -Symptathetic (fight or flight), Parasympathetic (rest and digest), and Enteric (neurons of digestive system) divisions |
| What does the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system do? | The enteric division has the nerves of the digestive system |
| What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do? | The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system = FIGHT OR FLIGHT |
| What does the para-sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do? | The para-sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system = "rest and digest" |
| Dark and thick muscle filaments: | MYOSIN |
| Thin/light/sliding muscle filaments: | ACTIN |
| sarcomeres, the functional unit of muscle, ________ during muscle contraction | SHORTEN |
| Control of cross-bridge cycling is regulated by: | Calcium |
| Calcium binds to the ___________ __________. | troponin complex......this UNblocks myosin binding sites |
| What is a neuromuscular junction? | A neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell |
| example of two layers of cell digestion: | Hydra |
| What is kwashiorkor: | Protein Deficiency |
| Leptin: | Supprses appetite |
| Ghrelin: | TRIGGERS HUNGER |
| Insulin: | suppresses appetite |
| PYY | counters ghrelin (remember, ghrelin triggers hunger) |
| Sphincter at top and bottom of some digestive organs.... | think pyloric sphincter, etc. |
| What gets absorbed when it comes to Carbs? | Only monosaccharides get absorbed (think glucose) |
| What is a zymogen? | an inactive precursor of an enzyme |
| What cells make histamine? | Mast cells |
| _________ T-Cells recognize Class I MHC molecules? | CYTOTOXIC T-Cells recognize Class I MHC molecules. |
| _________ T-Cells recognize Class II MHC molecules? | HELPER T-Cells recognize Class II MHC molecules. |
| T-Cell receptors are _________valent. | T-Cell receptors are MONOvalent. |
| B-Cell receptors are ________valent. | B-Cell receptors are BIvalent. |
| White in puss is from: | lymphocyes...white blood cells |
| What are cytokines? | Cytokines are signaling molecules. |
| What is the autocrine reaction? | The AUTOCRINE reaction is when a cell releases cytokines that bind to/stimulate the SAME CELL. |
| Proliferation: | Make clone of B cells (cloned memory cells or cloned plamsa cells) |
| Perforin: | forms proes in target cell membrane |
| Granzymes: | proteases that initiate apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
| What do dendritic cells and macrophages do? | they are antigen presenting cells that phagocytose and present the parts |
| Innate immunity is divided into: | Barrier defenses and internal defenses |
| The humoral response primarily involves: | b cells |
| The inflammatory response consists of what 4 things? | - Redness - Swelling - Heat - Pain |
| Innate immunity is _____ and _______. | Innate immunity is FAST and NON-SPECIFIC. |
| Acquired immunity is _______ and _______. | Acquired immunity is SLOW and SPECIFIC. |
| Acquired immunity can be split into 2 things: | - Humoral response and the cell mediated response |
| Bicoid | "Two Tail"....cytoplasmic determinant...transcription factor... |
| 2 ways of producing signals that lead to regulation of gene expression | Cytoplasmic Segregation and Induction |
| 3 types of internal defenses (part of the innate immune response) | - inflammatory response, phagocytosis, anti-microbial proteins |
| Anti-microbial proteins (one of the 3 internal defenses) is made up of: | complements + interferon |
| 2 types of muscle that are striated: | SKELETAL MUSCLE....oh and also cardiac muscle a little bit..(THIS IS THE SLIDE WITH THE CORRECT ANSWER) |
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