Biology Final 5-5-09
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| What are the 4 themes presented by Darwin? | show 🗑
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| Who is associated with Spheres of Influence? | show 🗑
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| show | Lamarck
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| show | - The reality of evolution
- N.S. is the main mechanism of evolution)
- Common descent
- Evolution through N.S. is slow
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| Speciation | show 🗑
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| show | Sympatric
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| show | 1. Allopatric
2. Sympatric
3. Peripatric
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| show | Ground squirrels making calls to alert other squirrels of predator birds.
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| show | The deterioration of somatic function over time
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| show | evolve
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| "r" selction | show 🗑
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| show | Related to: Climax community
Related to: Stable environments
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| REPRODUCTIVE SCHEDULES: Iteroparity | show 🗑
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| show | Reproduce once before dying
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| show | It is an example of BIG BANG REPRODUCTION:
- throw alot of energy towards getting big, fast
- In Cod, fecundity is directly related to body size
- In Cod, body size is directly related to body size (just keep on growing!)
- VERY few survive
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| show | species diversity
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| show | Species diversity is maximized under an intermediate level of disturbance.
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| show | At low levels of disturbance, the competitive dominant will exclude other species and species diversity will be low. At veyr high levels of disturbance, all taxa are excluded to some degree, as they cannot establish before being removed by dist events.
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| show | There is enough to preclude competitive dominance by one species yet it is not so common as to prevent multiple species from establish themselves.
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| show | - Small populations are subject to genetic drift and inbreeding...both reduce fitness.
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| show | Occurred in concert with Cambrian explosion
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| show | Is the worm segmented
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| show | radial
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| show | Lungfish
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| Name two traits associated with terrestriality | show 🗑
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| What does Juncus do for a marsh? | show 🗑
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| show | - Top Down Control of communities (Predator on down)
- Bottom Up Control of communities
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| show | - Large amount of biomass.....on a macro scale...we're not talking about bacteria
- **Exerts strong force/influence on a population**
- **Usually a predator**
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| show | Her DNA was too methylated
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| show | Stay open for as long as neurotransmitter is bound to it
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| show | Filopedia
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| show | Ca2+ or electric shock
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| The bicuspid valve is the same as the ______ valve and is located on the ______ side of the heart. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Fertilization
2. Cleavage
3. Gastrulation
4. Organogenesis
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| Mitochondrial genes are inherited through your _________. | show 🗑
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| show | "Abiotic Origin of Life" Conjecture
The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic compounds.
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| Cartilage skeleton is not ______ it is ________. | show 🗑
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| show | It is the last remnants of jaw-less fish.
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| Give an example of a lobe-finned fish: | show 🗑
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| show | Neural Crest, Mineralization, Cephalization, Closed Circulatory System, Vertebral Column
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| show | craniates
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| Name chordates that are not vertebrates: | show 🗑
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| show | - Neural Tube
- Notochord
- Post-anal tail
- Pharyngeal slits
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| Placozoa | show 🗑
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| Origins of segmentation...which one does parsimony advocate and why? | show 🗑
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| show | open....with hemolymph
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| 3 origins of flight: | show 🗑
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| LH spike causes: | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Primary Oocyte
2) Follicle
3) Ovulation
4) Corpus Luteum
5) Degenerating Corpus Luteum
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| What do Leidig Cells produce? | show 🗑
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| Theca Cells produce | show 🗑
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| If single origin of segmentation is correct... | show 🗑
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| Uterine/Menstrual Cycle | show 🗑
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| show | GnRH release
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| GnRH release triggers | show 🗑
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| show | - Domain Bacteria, Domain Eukarya, Domain Archea
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| show | Domain Archea and Domain Eukarya
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| Eukaryotes rely on prokayotes (Archea and Bacteria) for: | show 🗑
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| show | r=intrinsic rate of population size increase
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| k = ? | show 🗑
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| show | Konrad Lorenz.......think ducks
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| show | Recognize circular geometric patterns
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| show | Learning through trial and error.
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| Optimal Foraging Theory | show 🗑
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| Two examples of Foraging Theory | show 🗑
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| What is special about female belding ground squirrels? | show 🗑
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| show | naked mole rats
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| Main problem facing Darwain | show 🗑
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| show | A trait acted upon by natural selection to fulfill a particular function
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| What is an example of a constraint on adaptation? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Typological species concept
2) Evolutionary species concept
3) Biological species concept
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| show | shrimp off the coast of Panama
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| 2 types of barriers: Post mating and premating....but which generally comes first? | show 🗑
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| Community Diversity depends on two things: Amount of different species in the area, and the proportion of these...which matters more? | show 🗑
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| show | overexploitation (and big bang reproduction too)
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| show | Depolarization of the membrane
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| show | When the peri-vitalyne layer moves away as a result of the cortical reaction
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| show | PARTIAL cleavage, and is thus MEROBLASTIC
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| show | frog embryo has COMPLETE cleavage and is thus HOLOBLASTIC
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| show | NEURAL TUBE
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| show | Two frog embryos: 1 pigmented and 1 non-pigmented. A piece of the pigmented gastrula was transplanted on to the non-pigmented one. It matured into some sort of weird double embryo
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| Characteristics of stem cells: | show 🗑
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| show | PLURIPOTENT
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| What would cause an animal to want to go through big bang reproduction? | show 🗑
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| Give an example of positive feedback | show 🗑
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| show | Through the bloodstream
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| show | LOCAL or LONG DISTANCE LOCAL: diffusion.....slow LONG DISTANCE: bulk flow
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| What are the two types of local chemical messaging? | show 🗑
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| What hormones are associated with: Thyroid Gland | show 🗑
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| show | Parathyroid Hormone
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| show | Androgens
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| What hormones are associated with: the Ovaries? | show 🗑
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| What hormones are associated with: Pineal Gland? | show 🗑
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| show | - Glucocorticoids and Mineralcorticoids
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| What hormones are associated with: the Adrenal Medulla? | show 🗑
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| show | Water soluble hormones(faster) and fat soluble hormones
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| show | Insulin and Glucagon
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| show | Epinehprine: + Can bind to liver cells to begin glycogen breakdown and release of glucose
+ Can cause dilation of a skeletal blood vessel
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| show | HIGHLY CONSERVED
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| What hormones are associated with: The Anterior Pituitary Gland? | show 🗑
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| show | Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle...although skeletal muscle is more known for being striated
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| show | Sarcomere
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| What is a tropic hormone? | show 🗑
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| show | Not enough insulin being produced.......not enough insulin being produced....beta cells of pancreas have been destroyed
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| show | Cells cannot take up insulin b/c it cannot bond to correct sites
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| Goiter | show 🗑
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| show | Oxytocin and Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
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| show | - Motor System and Autonomic System
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| Epidermal Cells | show 🗑
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| Schwann cells (PNS) | show 🗑
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| show | Glial cell.....MYELINATION OF AXONSfxf
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| Three components of the Mollusca body plan: | show 🗑
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| 4 Major Classes of Phylum Mollusca: | show 🗑
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| show | - Octopus, Squid, Nautilus
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| Annelids are _______ worms. | show 🗑
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| show | - Centipedes
- Milipedes
- Insects
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| Echinodermata are exclusively _________ and examples include: | show 🗑
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| Did Archaeopteryx have powered flight? | show 🗑
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| show | mammary glands, hair, endothermy
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| 3 Mammal Groups: | show 🗑
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| Example of a monotreme | show 🗑
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| What came first: Bidpedalism or Encephalization? | show 🗑
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| Human/Chimp split goes back more than ______ mybp. | show 🗑
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| 2 Hypotheses for origin of anatomically modern humans: | show 🗑
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| show | - Out of Africa hypothesis / replacement hypothesis
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| The Neanderthals had larger brains than modern humans...true or false? | show 🗑
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| The 3 "architects" of the modern synthesis: | show 🗑
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| show | ERYTHROCYTES
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| show | genetic drift
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| show | genetic drift
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| Adaptation: Trait acted upon by natural selection in order to fulfill a particular function. | show 🗑
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| Give examples of pre-mating barriers / isolating mechanisms: | show 🗑
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| Give examples of post-mating barriers / isolating mechanisms | show 🗑
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| show | different characteristics than the one that you are looking at
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| In the phylogeny of animals, we covered 4 grades. Ignoring Placazoa, which seemed the most problematic for use in defining clades? | show 🗑
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| Major distinction(s) between the Cnidaria (jellies, corals, etc.) and the Ctenophora (comb jellies) are: | show 🗑
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| show | GENETIC DRIFT AND GENE FLOW
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| show | Can use fossil record and bio-geography to date organisms
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| More on molecular clocks.....what can we assume? | show 🗑
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| In the logistic model for growth, when does population growth stop? | show 🗑
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| show | Malaria
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| show | Resource limitation
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| Resource limitation leads to: | show 🗑
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| Archea and _______ are more closely related than __________ | show 🗑
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| The problem with protists is ______. | show 🗑
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| show | bull kelp, amoeba, euglena
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| Carolus Linnaeus ...."God's ________" | show 🗑
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| show | - centipedes, millipedes, insects
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| 3 examples of chordates that are not vertebretes | show 🗑
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| show | competitive inferiority
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| show | The gene, the species, the population, the community, or the ecosystem
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| Briefly explain how our discussion of Trichoplax (Placazoa) highlights the importance of the distinction between primitive/advanced and ancestral/derived | show 🗑
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| Briefly outline why the small population size of endangered species poses a problem for their continued existence | show 🗑
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| The neural crest is: | show 🗑
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| show | reproductive cloning: to make a child....................................Theraputic Cloning/Cell replacement therapy: Use stem cells to replace diseased cells of a patient
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| show | Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent
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| show | Receptor ligand interaction example: Signal transduction pathway....remember that relay proteins/molecules pass signal along
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| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM relies on ______(_______) which are ________. | show 🗑
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| NERVOUS SYSTEM relies on _______ & _______ signals, which are _________. | show 🗑
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| Stem cells are taken from the _________ or the ____ ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulus: low stomach ph........Response: bicarbonate released from pancreas into the intestine (bicarbonate is a base and increases pH)
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| What is a hormone? | show 🗑
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| show | diffusion....slow.....only works well locally....there are 2 types
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| show | 2 types of local chemical messengers: 1) Paracrine signaling 2) synaptic signaling
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| Long Distance chemical messengers work though: | show 🗑
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| What are known as "major producers of hormones"? | show 🗑
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| show | Water soluble hormones do not need to undergo transcription in the nucleus
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| Fat soluble hormones....how do they move around? | show 🗑
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| show | Epinephrine: 1) (beta receptor) Binds to liver cells: Makes liver break down glycogen into glucose.......2) Binds to skeletal muscle cell and causes vasodialation
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| show | Glucose level homeostasis is maintained through: INSULIN / GLUCAGON
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| Type 1 diabetes: | show 🗑
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| Type 2 diabetes: | show 🗑
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| Skeletal muscle has no ____ junctions. | show 🗑
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| show | A hormone that affects the release of another hormone
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| show | Hydrolytic enzymes break down the jelly coat during the acrosomal reaction.
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| Goiter: | show 🗑
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| show | The PNS is split into the Motor System and the Autonomic System
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| What do microglial cells do? | show 🗑
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| show | Schwann Cells myelenate axons in the PNS?
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| show | Astrocytes are glial cells that maintain structures of neurons
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| show | It is typically -70 inside the cell
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| show | GRADED POTENTIALS are slower, local, current is decremental (strong close by but weak far away), can be polarizing or depolarizing....depend on CHEMICALLY GATED ion channels
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| ACTION Potentials: | show 🗑
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| show | K+ (potassium)
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| The _____ the diameter of an axon, the faster the conduction of an action potential. | show 🗑
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| show | To speed up the signal
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| What are chemical signals of the nervous system? | show 🗑
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| show | Temporal summation: does not return to resting potential before two fire very close together.............Spatial summation...two fire at same time and add together
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| show | -Symptathetic (fight or flight), Parasympathetic (rest and digest), and Enteric (neurons of digestive system) divisions
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| show | The enteric division has the nerves of the digestive system
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| show | The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system = FIGHT OR FLIGHT
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| show | The para-sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system = "rest and digest"
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| Dark and thick muscle filaments: | show 🗑
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| Thin/light/sliding muscle filaments: | show 🗑
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| show | SHORTEN
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| show | Calcium
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| Calcium binds to the ___________ __________. | show 🗑
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| What is a neuromuscular junction? | show 🗑
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| example of two layers of cell digestion: | show 🗑
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| show | Protein Deficiency
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| show | Supprses appetite
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| show | TRIGGERS HUNGER
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| Insulin: | show 🗑
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| PYY | show 🗑
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| Sphincter at top and bottom of some digestive organs.... | show 🗑
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| show | Only monosaccharides get absorbed (think glucose)
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| What is a zymogen? | show 🗑
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| What cells make histamine? | show 🗑
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| _________ T-Cells recognize Class I MHC molecules? | show 🗑
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| _________ T-Cells recognize Class II MHC molecules? | show 🗑
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| T-Cell receptors are _________valent. | show 🗑
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| show | B-Cell receptors are BIvalent.
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| White in puss is from: | show 🗑
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| show | Cytokines are signaling molecules.
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| What is the autocrine reaction? | show 🗑
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| show | Make clone of B cells (cloned memory cells or cloned plamsa cells)
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| show | forms proes in target cell membrane
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| Granzymes: | show 🗑
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| show | they are antigen presenting cells that phagocytose and present the parts
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| Innate immunity is divided into: | show 🗑
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| The humoral response primarily involves: | show 🗑
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| show | - Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
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| Innate immunity is _____ and _______. | show 🗑
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| Acquired immunity is _______ and _______. | show 🗑
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| show | - Humoral response and the cell mediated response
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| show | "Two Tail"....cytoplasmic determinant...transcription factor...
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| show | Cytoplasmic Segregation and Induction
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| 3 types of internal defenses (part of the innate immune response) | show 🗑
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| show | complements + interferon
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| show | SKELETAL MUSCLE....oh and also cardiac muscle a little bit..(THIS IS THE SLIDE WITH THE CORRECT ANSWER)
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