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Car/Pul Unit 2
SPC Cardiopulmonary Physiology Unit 2 Exam 1B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What condition is associated with Alveolar dead space? | Pulmonary Embolism |
| What is alveolar dead space? | Ventilation without Perfusion |
| What blood vessels are associated with Anatomic shunt? | Thebesian Veins |
| What is a Capillary Shunt? | Same as Pulmonary Shunt Perfusion w/o Ventilation |
| What conditions are associated with Capillary Shunt? | Atelectasis and Alveolar Fluid |
| What is Anatomic Dead Space? | The conducting airways, estimated as 1ml/lb of ideal body weight |
| What is Alveolar Dead Space? | Non-perfused Alveoli |
| What is Physiologic Dead Space? | Anatomic + Alveolar Dead space known as (VD/VT) |
| What is the formula for the Bohr equation? | (VD/VT)=(PaCO2-PeCO2)/PaCO2 |
| What is the normal range of (VD/VT)? | .20-.40 |
| What is the VA ratio? | 1.0 - VD/VT |
| What is the formula for VA? | VE x VA ratio |
| What does VE stand for? | Minute Ventilation |
| How do you calculate minute ventilation (VE) | Tidal Volume(VT) x Frequency(f) |
| What is the relationship between Dead Space ventilation and respiratory rate? | Direct correlation between Respiratory Rate and (VD/VT) i.e. Rapid, shallow breathing with INCREASE VD/VT |
| What is (VD/VT)? | Dead space ventilation per tidal volume |
| What muscles are part of Passive Inspiration? | Diaphragm & External Intercostals |
| What are the 4 accessory muscles of Inspiration? | 1. Scalenes 2. Sternocleidomastoid 3. Pectoralis Major 4. Trapezius |
| What are the 5 accessory muscles of Expiration? | 1. Rectus Abdominus 2. Transverse Abdominus 3. External Oblique 4. Internal Oblique 5. Internal Intercostals |
| What does VT mean? | Tidal Volume- Normal resting breath (5-7ml/Kg) |
| What does IRV mean? | Inspiratory Reserve Volume- Max breath in "on top of VT" |
| What does ERV mean? | Expiratory Reserve Volume- Max breath out "from bottom of VT" |
| What does RV mean? | Residual Volume- Gas in lungs following a max expiratory effort |
| What TLC mean? | Total Lung Capacity- The volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of Vital Capacity(VC) and Reserve Volume(RV) |
| What does VC mean? | Vital Capacity- The volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation |
| How do you calculate Vital Capacity(VC)? | VT+IRV+ERV=VC |
| What does IC mean? | Inspiratory Capacity- The sum of VT+IRV |
| How do you calculate Inspiratory Capacity(IC)? | VT+IRV=IC |
| What does FRC mean? | Functional Residual Capacity- The volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position |
| How do you calculate Functional Residual Capacity(FRC)? | RV+ERV=FRC |
| What volumes increase with an obstructed lung? | TLC, VT, FRC, RV |
| What volumes decrease with an obstructed lung? | IRV, VC, ERV, IC |
| What is the difference between obstructed lung and restricted lung? | Obstructed lung allows inspiration but not expiration WHERE AS Restricted lung does not allow inspiration. |
| What is an Obstructed Lung? | Lung that allows inspiration but not expiration causing an enlarged lung |
| What is a Restricted Lung? | Lung that does not allow full inspiration or full expansion |
| What volumes increase with a restricted lung? | None |
| What volumes decrease with a restricted lung? | IRV, VT, VC, IC, ERV, RV, FRC, TLC |
| What does (CLung) mean? | Lung Compliance |
| What does (CThorax) mean? | Thoracic Compliance |
| What does (CLT) mean? | Total Lung/Thoracic Compliance |
| What is normal for Lung Compliance? | 0.2L/cmH2O |
| What is normal for Thoracic Compliance? | 0.2L/cmH2O |
| What is normal for Lung/Thoracic Compliance? | 0.1L/cmH2O |
| Calculation for Compliance is? | Change is Volume(V)/Change is Pleural Pressure(P) or V/P |
| How to calculate Total Compliance? | 1/CL + 1/CT = 1/CLT |
| Low Lung compliance indicates what diseases? | Pneumonia, Pulmonary Edema |
| Low Thoracic Compliance indicates what diseases? | Kyphoscoliosis, Ascites, Gross Obesity |
| T/F Elastance or Elastic Recoil is the opposite of Compliance? | True |
| Elastance calculation is what? | The change of Pleural Pressure/The change is Volume or P/V |
| What is normal for elastance? | 5cmH2O/L |
| Low Elastic Recoil indicates what disease? | Emphysema |
| What substance is produced by TYPE II pneumocytes? | Surfactant |
| What is Dipalmityl-Lecithin? | A phospholipid that dramatically reduces Alveolar Surface Tension forces |
| T/F Surfactant reduces the surface tension on the alveoli? | True |
| Laplace's Law formula is? | P=(4ST)/r |
| P in Laplace's Law means what? | Pressure |
| ST in LaPLACE'S Law means what? | Surface Tension |
| r in LaPLACE'S Law means what? | Radius |
| What is the relationship between Radius of a Sphere and Surface Tension? | As the radius of the sphere increases the pressure decreases |
| What are the general causes of surfactant deficiency? | Acidoses, Hypoxia, Hyperoxia (High FIO2), Atelectasis, Prematurity, Pulmonary Vascular Congestion |
| What are the specific causes of surfactant deficiency? | ARDS, IRDS, Pulmonary Edema, Drowning, Oxygen Toxicity, ECMO |
| P-V curves are what kind of curves? | Compliance Curves |
| A horizontal reflection denotes what? | Low compliance Little Volume for lots of Pressure |
| A vertical reflection denotes what? | High compliance Lots of Volume for little Pressure |
| P-V significance of Horizontal Curve (Low Lung Compliance)? | Pneumonia, Pulmonary Edema, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Atelectasis |
| P-V significance of Vertical Curve (High Lung Compliance)? | Emphysema (Low Elastance) |
| What is the abbreviation for Airway Resistance? | (RAW) |
| What is airway resistance? | Frictional resistance afforded by the airways. |
| What is the normal range for Airway Resistance? | 1-2 cmH2O/liter/sec |
| High values of (RAW) indicate what? | Asthma & Chronic Bronchitis |
| What is the abbreviation for Conductance? | (GAW) |
| What is the formula for Airway Resistance(RAW)? | Change in Pressure/Flow Rate |
| T/F Conductance(GAW) is the opposite of Airway Resistance(RAW) | True |
| What is Conductance? | Ease of Flow |
| What is the formula for Conductance(GAW)? | Flow/Unit Pressure |
| What is the normal range for Conductance? | 0.5-1.5 L/sec/cmH2O |
| Low values of (GAW) indicate what? | Asthma & Chronic Bronchitis |
| How does chest wall tissue contribute to resistance of breathing? | Impedance to motion caused by the thorax & abdomen and also affords approximately 20% of breathing resistance in healthy adults |
| How does airway resistance contribute to resistance of breathing? | Impedance to movement of gas through the airways and also affords approximately 80% of breathing resistance in healthy adults. |
| Of the 80% airway resistance has on breathing how is that broken down through the airways? | 1. Mouth, Nose, & large bronchi = 90% Bronchi < 2mm in diameter = 10% |
| What are the factors that effect airway resistance? | Bronchospasm, Secretions, Mucosal Edema, Low Elastance, Artificial Airways (Trach & ET Tube) |
| What are the 2 types of flow? | Laminar & Turbulent |
| What is Poiseuille's Law? | Address Laminar Flow, occurs in the small airways <2mm in diameter |
| What is the formula for Poiseuille's Law? | Flow-Pr^4 |
| What does the P & r stand for in Poiseuille's Law? | P=Pressure & r=radius |
| What is a rule of thumb for Poiseuille's Law? | 16 fold jump in P as r decreases 50% |
| What is Reynolds Number equation? | (2rvd)/n |
| What does Reynolds number address? | Turbulent Flow |
| What does r, v, d, and n stand for in Reynolds' number? | r=airway radius, v=velocity, d=density, and n=viscosity |
| Reynolds number >2000 establishes what? | Turbulent Flow |
| T/F Low density gas will decrease turbulence and W.O.B.? | True like He vs. O2 |
| What are 4 indications for use of low density gas? | 1. Stridor 2. Croup 3. Foreign body aspiration 4. Upper airway masses |
| What is the Time Constants formula? | Kt = Raw x CL |
| Define Time Constants? | Defined as the time (seconds) to inflate a lung region to about 60%of its potential filling capacity |
| T/F Kt = seconds | True |
| What is considered normal Time Constant(Kt)? | Kt = .2 x 1 = .2 seconds |
| What is considered long Time Constant(Kt)? | Kt = .2 x 10 = 2.0 seconds i.e. Asthma or Bronchitis OR Kt = .4 x 10 = 4.0 seconds i.e. Emphysema |
| What is considered short Time Constant(Kt)? | Kt = .05 x 2 = .1 seconds i.e. Pneumonia, IRDS, ARDS, or Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema |
| What does IRDS stand for? | Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| What does ARDS stand for? | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
Created by:
Langhout1418
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