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Patho Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AUTOSOMAL | carried on a non sex chromosome |
| DOMINANT | actions masks by another allele... at least one parent is affected dominant conditions. Do not skip generations |
| Recessive | actions are masks by another allele |
| DiGeorge Syndrome | Caused by no or reduced thymus activity- Chromosome 22, primary, low or immunity, defective organelle-- t-cell production is not working right! |
| HIV | Caused by contact with bodily fluids or maternotransfer. Primary and secondary; Completely immune suppressed; T HELPER Cells deficient |
| AIDS | Caused by HIV 1; Transmitted by contact with contaminated bodily fluids or maternofetal; transfer. Secondary, completely immune suppressed; resulting in secondary infections; T CELLS arent working and macrophages; Have flu like symps 3-6 weeks after expo |
| Lupus | the cause is unknown "autoimmune" body recognizes self as foreign; Malfunction of T cells results in antinuclear antibody formation; B cell hyperactivity and increased AB production to self and non self antigens; Affects skin and joints inflammation, alon |
| Cystic Fibrosis | a genetic disease most common autosomal recessive disease; Na and Cl are secreted out malabsorption in GI Tract; bronchitis and pneumonia...defective organelle- defective chloride channel affects pancreas respiratory tract intestine testes. |
| Down Syndrome | caused by non disjunction during first meiotic divsion; has extra chromosome 21; Chacteristic facial features, mental retardation, and health problems |
| Graves Disease | an autoimmune disease; happens when self sees itself as a foreign autoantibodies (against self) bimd TSH receptors on thyroid cell memebrane mimicking action of TSH; Women are 5x more likely to get it. Enlarged thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety, bulging |
| Tay Sachs | Genetic disorder caused by lysosomes not working right; Recessive/autosomal; brain cells are enlarged and die...makes holes in brain inabilty to remove wastes out of the cells (lysosomes) |
| Fragile X Syndrome | A genetic disease, recessive/males only; abnormal mental development, fragile site on log arm of X chr....carried by males only!! Large testes and large ears! |
| Klinefelter's Synd | a genetic disease;males have enlarged breasts; sparse facial and body hair, small testes; cant produce sperm |
| Spina Bifida | Caused from incomplete closure of vertebral arches |
| Marfan's Synd | Genetic disease; DOMINANT/AUTOSOMAL; large vessels become weak and ballon out; gene that codes fibrillin weakens the aorta wall. |
| Fibrillin | an abnormal form of connective tissue protein |
| Famililal Hypercholesterolemia | genetic disease; dominant/autosomal; cholestrol is elevated causing artherosclerosis LDL receptor deficiency. The person inherits two defective copies of the gene coding LDL receptors that bind cholestrol...People who inherit only one def. gene have a mil |
| Phenylketonuria | a genetic disease; recessive autosomal; phen cant convert to thyrosine and accumulates causing mental retardtion...deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxlase inborn error of metabolism. Kids have a mousy odor |
| Tumor Grading | Based on differntiation of tumor cells; Grade 1= differentiated; Grade 4= completetly undifferntiated |
| Tumor Staging | Based on anatomic extent of tumor; Takes into account the tumor size (T), Nodes involved (N) and Metastases (M). More helpful clincally. |
| Benign | limited growth; encapsulated, good outcome; Cells are still functional |
| Malignant | Invasive; undifferentiated cells that are pleomorphic (abnormally shaped nucleuss, abnormal chr.) THEY ONLY GROW! |
| Anaplasia | lack of differentiation |
| Metastasis | Neoplastic cells that are able to move from one site to another in the body; a characteristis of maglinant cells. Escapes forom immune surveillance |
| Omas | Benign tumors of mescenchymal cells (connective tissues) examples are: FIBROMAS, LIPOMAS |
| Sarcomas | Malignant tumors of mesenchymal cells; ex, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma |
| Adenomas | Benign tumors of epithelial cells |
| Carcinomas | malignant tumors of epi cells |
| Neutophils | Most common; Phagotic, mobile, bactercidial, produce cytokines |
| Eosinophils | Mobile, phagocytic, seen most often in allergy or parasitic infections |
| Basophils | Contain histamine |
| Macrophages | Phagotic,lytic, promote inflammation in tissue |
| Lymphocytes and Plasma cells | important in cell mediated reactions and antibody syn. |
| Histamine | From mast cells, basophils, platelets. Causes contraction of endothelial cells so fluid and cells can leave circulation |
| Bradykin | released from tissue and immune cells; activated pathways |
| Arachidonic acid deriatives | released from damaged tissue; forms leukotriened and thromboxane/prostacyclin; this causes vasodilation and platelet aggregation |
| Complement System | a group of proteins activared during inflammation; they form a membrane attack complex that punctures bacteria. Promotes inflammation and acts as an opsonin. |
| Opsonin | Highlights foreign objects with protein |
| Name Inflammation/Immune Mediators | Histamine, Bradykinin, Arachidonic acid deriatives, Complement System |
| Complement System | A group of proteins activated during inflammation; they form a membrane attack complex that punctures bacteria. Promotes inflammation and acts as an opsonin |
| What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? | Fever, large number of white blood cells, fatigue, weakness, pain, decreased appetite |
| 4 signs of inflammation | Circulatory changes-increased flow; redness, swelling, warmth (hyperemia)Vessel wall changes-increased permeabilityWhite blood cell response-formation of exudates (pus)Emigration-movement of cells out of the bloodstream and into the tissue Phagocyto |
| What happens during ischemia or anoxia | deficient supply of blood to a body part (as the heart or brain) that is due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood (as by the narrowing of arteries by spasm or disease) |
| What are the terms that describe cell death | Apoptosis – Programmed cell death; Autolysis – Death of cells due to stopped heart beat or stopped respirations; Necrosis – Is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and autolysis; 3 types |
| 3 TYPES OF NECROSIS | Coagulative-cytoplasm becomes coagulated seen in heart & liver caused by anoxia;Liquefactive-dissolution of tissue seen in fatty tissues like brain; peritoneumCaseous-“cheesy” granulomas. Seen in lung or in fungal infection. |
| What do the different types of T cells do? | Two types T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes (and plasma cells) derived from bone marrow, produce Ab’s |
| T helper cells | augment every aspect of the immune response; secrete lymphokines |
| T suppressor cells | suppress inappropriate immune reactions |
| Cytoxic T Cells | secrete perforin protein that perforates virus infected or cancer cells |
| What happens in HIV infection? In AIDS? | In Aids T cells and macrophages are defective and do not help in the immune systemIn HIV T Helper cells and macrophages don’t do their job!! |
| What do B cells do? | B cells react against invading bacteria or viruses by making proteins called antibodies. The antibody made is different for each different type of bug. The antibody locks onto the surface of the invading bacteria or virus. The invader is then marked wi |
| What is hyperacute rejection in transplantation? | Hyperacute: WORST occurs during surgery, due to preformed antibodies; clots form in tissues immediately– Acute: occurs within weeks; Ab and cell-mediated, arteries damaged.– Chronic: occurs within several months-years;Ab and cell- mediated. Vascular c |
| A graft-v-host reaction? | Graft-versus-host reaction: seen in bone marrow transplants, or any time the recipient isimmunosuppressed. Donor immune cells take over and may attack skin, GI tract, liver, vessels |
| What is an autograft? Xenograft? | Autograft patient is both donor and recipient skin..hair..vessels Allografts same species Xenografts different species..cornea valves..any avascular organs Isograft twins |
| Nucleus | Nucleus –largest organelle, generally at the center of the cell Nuclear death = cell deathFunctions of the nucleus—cell division and control of genetic information Secondary functions—replication and repair of DNA and transcription of info stored in DNA |
| Nucleolus | inside the nucleus responsible for processing most of the RNA within the cell |
| Cytoplasm | surrounds the nucleus (( is an aqueous solution cytosol)) fills the cytoplasmic matrix thespace its between the nucleur envelope & plasma membrane ::: stores lipids and sugars |
| Mitochondria | generates energy for the same via the Kreb cycle -HAS TO HAVE OXYGEN TO CRANK OUT |
| Ribosome’s | contain RNA; are embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum or can also be free in the cytoplasm provides a site for cellular protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | membrane factory that specializes in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids ( it is a network of saclike channels cisternae that extend throughout cytoplasm;Two types of ER ROUGH – Granular; synthesizes protein for export SMOOTH—Agranular; synth |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modifies proteins (adds sugars & fats) Director of Macromolecular traffic |
| Lysosomes | —“takes out trash for the cell” saclike structures that originate from Golgi Apparatus Contain digestive enzymes …destroy foreign matter IF LYSOSOMES ARENT WORKING PROPERLY TRASH BUILDS UP CHOKES THE NUCLEUS THEN THE CELL DIES….. |
| Cytoskeleton Elements | Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments GIVES THE CELL STRUCTURE AND MOBILITY;; organizes organelles |
| Plasma Membrane | A lipid (cholesterol and phospholipids) bilayer surrounding cellular elementsStudded with proteins and sugars; can include or exclude molecules from getting in through selective transport |
| TYPE I | Mediated by IgE, mast cells, and basophils– IgE antibodies are produced “by mistake” and these interact with basophils and cause them to release histamine, which increases vasodilation, permeability, and edema– In the late phase, slow reactive substa |
| TYPE II | – Mediated by IgM or IgG antibodies made to cells or tissues. Called antibody-dependentcell-mediated cytotoxic reactions (ADCC).– These antibodies may be passed in utero.– Examples: Graves disease, Goodpasture’s Syndrome, Myasthenia gravis |
| TYPE III | Mediated by soluble immune complexes formed to foreign proteins like injectable drugs.These complexes collect in small vessels in the eye, kidney, brain, pericardium, and peritonealcavity where they cause inflammation. Called serum sickness.Ex: Systemic |
| TYPE IV | Mediated by T cells. Antigens are presented to Tcells in the skin, lungs, or vessels and anallergic inflammation results. Areas of caseous necrosis called granulomas may form.– Examples: Leprosy, tuberculosis, contact dermatitis (most common; due to jew |
| what is Amyloidosis | : Amyloid (an insoluble protein) accumulates in tissues, impairing function.Pathology: Changes in blood vessel permeability, affects nerves, skin, tongue, heart, GI tract (liver and spleen), and adrenals.Signs and Symptoms: B cells form the excess amyloid |
| What are MHC proteins | Without these, there would be no resentation of internal or external antigens to the T cells. The importance of MHC proteins is that they allow T cells to distinguish self from non-self. In every cell in your body, antigens are constantly broken up and pr |
| What is a karyotype | ? Chromosome charts used to display the 23 chromosome pairs in size order. |
| Which white blood cells are best at phagocytosis | MACROPHAGES gets rid of pathogens |
| Which ones kill virus-infected cells? | T cells |
Created by:
dcarson
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