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24wilson & great war
an american nation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fourteen Points | The peace plan outlined by President Wilson in Jan 1918 that included provisions such as: no secret diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, noncolonization and national self-determination. |
| James M. Cox | A newspaper publisher from Dayton who became Ohio governor. In 1920, Democrats nominated him as the standard-bearer to succeed Wilson. He favored joining the League of the Nations, overwhelmed by Republican nominee, Sen. Warren G. Harding, also from Ohio. |
| doughboys | Nickname given the American troops of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) who served in Europe in World War I. Their presence boosted the morale of British and French troops and was decisive in the outcome of the war. |
| missionary diplomacy | P. Wilson's approach to foreign policy was well inentioned and idealistic: to help other nations achieve stable democratic governments and improve standards of living. His diplomatic mission was to spread the democractic ideas;He couldn't live up to them. |
| Georges Clemenceau | Premier of France in 1919 who represented his nation's interests as part of the "Big Four" at the Versailles peace conference. French security and the crippling of Germany were his primary focus, and he was ynical toward P. Wilso's "peace without victory" |
| Alvin C. York | A war hero from Tennessee who single-handedly captured a contingent (quota of troops) of German troops. He was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. |
| war-guilt clause | The Allies forced Germany to sign a statement that it was responsible for causing World War I. However, hostilities actually started when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke and Mrs. Francis Ferdinand. |
| submarine warfare | Knowing they were no match for the British fleet on the surface of the sea, Germany turned to submarines (U-boats) to threaten British shipping. The Germans' use of unrestricted submarine tactics was a major cause of US intervention in World War I. |
| Charles Evan Hughes | A progressive Republican from New York, was that party's presidential nominee in 1916. Later, he was secretary of state and chief justice of the Supreme Court. |
| Porfirio Diaz | President of Mexico for 35 years. He was friendly to the US and encouraged foreign investment in his country. Yet poverty persisted and he was toppled from power in the lengthy Revolution of 1911. He fled and died in exile in 1915. |
| League of Nations | P. Wilson's 14th point in plan for "peace without victory". Proposed this as international peacekeeping org, incorporated into 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI. Questions abt membership in organization caused senate to refuse treaty ratification. |
| Sussex pledge | After the French channel steamer "Sussex" was sunk by a German submarine in May 1916, protests pressured Germany to pledge to stop sinking merchant vessels with submarine warfare. |
| Zimmermann telegram | Message to Mexico from German foreign minister intercepted and published in US:Germany offered to help Mexico regain territories it had lost to US in the event the US and Germany went to war. Americans were outraged by this threat to national security. |
| Gavrilo Princip | A young Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne in June of 1914. This incident precpitated the outbreak of World War I in Europe. |
| irreconcilables | The handful of Senators led by Senator Borah of Idaho, were basically isolationists uncrompomising in their opposition to US membership in the League of Nations. |
| Edward M. House | The personal confidant, friend and adviser to President Woodrow Wilson. A Houston native, advised Wilson on US foreign policy before and during World War I, and at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919. |
| strict accountaility | In February 1915, President Wilson warned the Germans that he would hold them responsible for any loss of American lives or property resulting from their submarine warfare and its violation of neutral rights at sea. |
| Columbus, New Mexico | In 1916, Mexican "bandit" Pancho Villa raided this town hoping to provoke US intervention that would topple the Carranza government he opposed. US troops intervened to chase Villa, but were withdrawn before he could be found. |
| Louis Brandeis | A lawyer and first Jewish member of the Supreme Court. When practicing law, he was a defender of the rights of labor and working people, exemplified in his brief for the case of Muller V. Oregon. |
| Chateau-Thierry | This town on the Marne River, only 50 miles from Paris was the site where the American Expeditionary Force fought its first major engagement against the Germans in Junse 1918. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge Sr. | Massachusetts Republican Senator who was a personal and political enemy of President Wilson as well as an intense nationalist and partisan, organized the reservationists who opposed US membership in the League of Nations. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge Sr. Grandson | Grandson was senator of Massachusetts, US ambassador to UN, unsuccessful Repbublican vice presidential candidate in 1960, and US ambassador to South Vietnam in the 1960s. |
| American Expedeitionary Force | American troops who served in Europe in World War I. The first group arrived in Paris in July 1917. They were under the command of General John J. Pershing, who insisted that they fight as independent units and not integrated into British & French forces. |
| clear and present danger | Doctrine promulgated in the Supreme Court's ruling in Schenck v. US in 1919. It upheld the constitutionality of the wartime Espionage Act (spies to get secrets) and endorsed limited government repression of free speech in wartime. |
| John J. Pershing | Nicknamed "Black Jack," he was the commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), US troops who served in Europe in World War I. He served in Spanish-American War, the Phillipine insurrection, had commanded the military excursion into Mexico- 1916. |
| Palmer Raids | Attorney Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer, concerned that the US was in danger of a communist takeover in 1919, ordered a series of roundups and raids on suspected communists. The raids, a product of postwar Red Scare violated civil liberties of many innocent ppl. |
| Victoriano Huerta | Leader who ruthlessly seized power in Mexico in 1913. President Wilson objected to his murderous methods and refused to extend diplomatic recognition to his government. He abdicated in 1914, and died in 1916. |
| J. Edgar Hoover | The W. DV native headed the General Intelligence Division of Department of Justice in 1919. The agency was empowered to collect information about secret radical activities. In 1924, P. Coolidge headed Federal Bureau of Investigation until his death 1972. |
| Twenty-one demands | In 1915, Japan presented China with a set of demands that would have given Japan special privileges and challenged the US's Open Door policy in China. P. Wilson protested and Japan modified its demands. |
| Adamson Act | Established an eight-hour day for interstate railway workers. It was part of President Wilson's bid to fulfill every plank of his 1912 platform before he began his 1916 reelection bid. The effort attracted progressives from both parties to vote Wilson. |
| war-guilt clause | The Allies forced Germany to sign a statement that it was responsible for causing World War I. However, hostilities actually started when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke and Mrs. Franz Ferdinand. |
| peace without victory | Proposal to end World War I offered by President Wilson in June 1917 as an attempt to mediate a conclusion before the US was dragged into the conflict. The terms were similar to what became Wilson's Fourteen Points, and both belligerents ignore them. |
| Committee on Public Information | During World War I, President Wilson created this agency and appointed journalist George Creel to head it. The committee's objective was to maximize national loyalty and support for the war. It was a hard-working wartime propaganda organization. |
| Sedition Act | The wartime measure that loosely defined sedition and invited repression of freedom of speech for dissenters. Under the act, Socialist Eugene V. Debs was sent to prison for making an antiwar speech. |
| Chateau-Thierry | This town on the Marne River, only 50 miles from Paris, was the site where the American Expeditionary Force fought its major engagement against the Germans in June 1918. |
| Francisco Madero | Leader of a reform regime in Mexico after the overthrow of President Porfirio Diaz in 1911. He was murdered in 1913, and the "government of butchers" under Victoriano Huerta came to power for a year. |
| arsenal of democracy | Term used by F. Roosevelt during WWII. Historian David Kennedy points out that in WWI the US did not fit the label: the typical American doughboy in France was transported in a British ship & British steel helmet, and fought with French ordnance (supply). |
| War Labor Board | Agency created by P. Wilson in 1917 to settle labor disputes during WWI. It prevented many strikes, set wages and hours standards, and compelled employers to deal with labor leaders, thus promoting labor unions. |
| Tampico, Mexico incident | April 1914-some US sailors were arrested in Tampico. P. Wilson used incident to send US troops to northern Mexico. Intent: to unseat (remove from office) Huerta government there. After Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and confrontation ended. |
| Palmer Raids | Attorney Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer, concerned US was in dangerof a communist takeover in 1919, ordered a series of roundups and raids on suspected communists. The raids, product of postwar Red Scare, violated civil liberties of many innocent people. |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship sunk by German submarine off Ireland coast (May-1915). 128 Americans dead. P. Wilson demanded Germany pay an indemnity (compensation money) to victims' families,promise to stop attack on passenger ships. Germany agreed to indemnity. |
| William E. Borah | Republican Senator from Idaho who headed the "irreconilables" who, as isolationists, refused to support US membership in the League of Nations under any circumstances. |
| Pancho Villa | A Mexican "bandit" who opposed Carranza gov. raided Columbus, New Mexico (1916). This provoked US military intervention in Mexico. The army chased Villa, but was withdrawn before he could be found. He was assassinated from ambush in 1923. |
| Venustiano Carranza | A supporter of representative goverment, who became president of Mexico (1914). P. Wilson extended his government diplomatic recognition as a way to help Mexico's constitutionalists regain order in the country. He was killed in an ambush in 1920. |
| Bryan-Chamarro Treaty | 1914 agreement that made Nicaragua a virtual protectorate (land partly controlled, not owned) of the US. It guranteed US an option to build a canal across Nicaragua and lent support to the unpopular dictatorial government of Adolpho Diaz. |
| reservationists | Many senators doubts the wisdom of the terms of Treaty of Versailles. They wanted to modify the treaty to protect their own political interests and assure American sovereignty in world affairs. They're suspicious of traty's creation of League of Nations. |
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