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MedTerm_Ch7
Medical Terminology - Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alveol/o combining form meaning alveolus (air sac) | |
| Bronch/o or Bronchi/o combining form meaning bronchus (airway) | |
| Bronchiol/o combining form meaning bronchiole (little airway) | |
| Capn/o or carb/o combining form meaning carbon dioxide | |
| Laryng/o combining form meaning larynx (voice box) | |
| Lob/o combining form meaning lobe (a portion) | |
| Nas/o or rhin/o combining form meaning nose | |
| Or/o combining form meaning mouth | |
| Ox/o combining form meaning oxygen | |
| Palat/o combining form meaning palate | |
| Pharyng/o combining form meaning pharynx (throat) | |
| Phren/o combining form meaning diaphragm (also mind) | |
| Pleur/o combining form meaning pleura (lining of lungs) | |
| Pneum/o or pneumon/o combining form meaning air or lung | |
| Pulmon/o combining form meaning lung | |
| Sinus/o combining form meaning sinus (cavity) | |
| Spir/o, -pnea (suffix) combining form meaning breathing | |
| Thorac/o or pector/o or steth/o combining form meaning chest | |
| Tonsill/o combining form meaning tonsil | |
| Trache/o combining form meaning trachea (windpipe) | |
| Uvul/o combining form meaning uvula | |
| Nose structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell | |
| Sinuses air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity | |
| Palate roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft ____ | |
| Hard palate bony anterior portion of the palate | |
| Soft palate muscular posterior of the palate | |
| Pharynx throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx | |
| Nasopharynx part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages | |
| Oropharynx central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis | |
| Laryngopharynx lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening in the larynx and esophagus | |
| Tonsils oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils | |
| Adenoid lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil | |
| Uvula small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape | |
| Larynx voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords | |
| Glottis opening between the vocal cords in the larynx | |
| Epiglottis a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway | |
| Trachea windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi | |
| Bronchial tree branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli | |
| Right bronchus and left bronchus two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs | |
| Bronchioles progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways | |
| Alveoli thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases | |
| Lungs two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration | |
| Lobes subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right | |
| Pleura membranes enclosing the lung(visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) | |
| Pleural cavity potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura | |
| Diaphragm muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration | |
| Mediastinum partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland | |
| Mucous membranes thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid | |
| Cilia hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward | |
| Parenchyma functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration | |
| Eupnea normal breathing | |
| Bradypnea slow breathing | |
| Tachypnea fast breathing | |
| Hypopnea shallow breathing | |
| Hyperpnea deep breathing | |
| Dyspnea difficulty breathing | |
| Apnea inability to breathe | |
| Orthopnea ability to breathe only in an upright position | |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea | |
| Crackles or rales popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis | |
| Wheezes or rhonchi high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema | |
| Stridor high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx) | |
| Caseous necrosis degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance | |
| Cyanosis bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood | |
| Dysphonia hoarseness | |
| Epistaxis nosebleed | |
| Expectoration coughing up and spitting out of material from th lungs | |
| Sputum material expelled from the lungs by coughing | |
| Hemoptysis coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs | |
| Hypercapnia or hypercarbia excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood | |
| Hyperventilation excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia | |
| Hypocapnia or hypocarbia deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood | |
| Hypoventilation deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia | |
| Hypoxemia deficient amount of oxygen in the blood | |
| Hypoxia deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells | |
| Obstructive lung disorder condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs | |
| Restrictive lung disorder condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs | |
| Pulmonary edema fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli | |
| Pulmonary infiltrate density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process | |
| Rhinorrhea thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose) | |
| Asthma panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough | |
| Atelectasis collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) | |
| Bronchiectasis abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus | |
| Bronchitis inflammation of the bronchi | |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi | |
| Bronchospasm constriction of the bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle | |
| Emphysema obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the aoveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) permanent, destructive pulmaonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema | |
| Cystic fibrosis inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways | |
| Laryngitis inflammation of the larynx | |
| Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) or croup inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough | |
| Laryngospasm spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction | |
| Nasal polyposis presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk) | |
| Pharyngitis inflammation of the pharynx | |
| Pleural effusion accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity | |
| Empyema or pyothorax accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity | |
| Hemothorax blood in the pleural cavity | |
| Pleuritis or pleurisy inflammation of the pleura | |
| Pneumoconiosis chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) | |
| Pneumonia inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals | |
| Pneumocystis pneumonia pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for HIV | |
| Pneumothorax air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall | |
| Pneumohemothorax air and blood in the pleural cavity | |
| Pneumonitis inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts | |
| Pulmonary embolism (PE) occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot | |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis) | |
| Sinusitis inflammation of the sinuses | |
| Sleep apnea periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring | |
| Tonsillitis acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils | |
| Upper respiratory infection (URI) infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi | |
| Aterial blood gas (ABG) analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases | |
| Ph abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity | |
| PaO² abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood | |
| PaCO² abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood | |
| Endoscopy examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes | |
| Bronchoscopy use of a flexible endoscope, called a _______, to examine the airways | |
| Nasopharyngoscopy use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers | |
| Examination methods techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system | |
| Auscultation to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds | |
| Percussion a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest | |
| Lung biopsy (Bx) removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination | |
| Lung scan or ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1) after radioactive material is injected in the patient's blood, and 2) | |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions | |
| Polysomnography (PSG) recording of various aspects of sleep (ie, eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders | |
| Pulmonary function testing (PFT) direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities | |
| Spirometry direct measurement of lung volume and capacity | |
| Tidal volume (TV or Vt) amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration | |
| Vital capacity (VC) amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration | |
| Peak flow (PF) measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration | |
| Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration | |
| Pulse oximetry noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia | |
| Radiology x-ray imaging | |
| Chest x-ray (CXR) x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph: PA(posterior-anterior = from back to front; AP (anterior-posterior) = from front to back; lateral = towar | |
| Computed tomography (CT) CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses | |
| Pulmonary angiography x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material | |
| Adenoidectomy excision of the adenoids | |
| Lobectomy removal of a lobe of a lung | |
| Nasal polypectomy removal of a nasal polyp | |
| Pneumonectomy removal of an entire lung | |
| Thoracentesis puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity) | |
| Thoracoplasty repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs | |
| Thoracoscopy endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope | |
| Thoracostomy creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube | |
| Thoracotomy incision into the chest | |
| Tonsillectomy excision of the palatine tonsils | |
| Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) excision of the tonsils and adenoids | |
| Tracheostomy creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube | |
| Tracheotomy incision into the trachea | |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) method of articial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart valve have stopped | |
| Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea | |
| Endotracheal intubation passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs (eg, oxygen, anesthetics, or air) | |
| Incentive spirometry a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspriratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications | |
| Mechanical ventilation mechanical breathing using a ventilator | |
| Antibiotic a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of miroorganisms | |
| Anticoagulant a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (eg, heparin) | |
| Antihistamine a drug that neutalizes or inhibits the effects of histamine | |
| Histamine a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels | |
| Bronchodilator a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi | |
| Expectorant a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing | |
| ABG arterial blood gas | |
| AP anterior-posterior | |
| Bx biopsy | |
| COPD chronic obstructive pulonary disease | |
| CPAP continuous postitive airway pressure | |
| CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation | |
| CT computed tomography | |
| CXR chest x-ray | |
| HIV human immunodeficiency virus | |
| LTB laryngotracheobronchitis | |
| MRI magnetic resonance imaging | |
| PA posterior-anterior | |
| PaCO² partial pressure of carbon dioxide | |
| PaO² partial pressure of oxygen | |
| PE pulmonary embolism | |
| PEFR peak expiratory flow rate | |
| PF peak flow | |
| PFT pulmonary function testing | |
| pH potential of hydrogen | |
| PSG polysomnography | |
| T&A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy | |
| TB tuberculosis | |
| TV or Vt tidal volume | |
| URI upper respiratory infection | |
| VC vital capacity | |
| V/Q ventilation-perfusion (scan) |
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