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Ch. 7/8
Immigration and Urbanization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ellis Island | Immigration station, located in New York, for those who came from Europe. |
| Angel Island | Immigration station, located in California, for those who came from Asia (Chinese) |
| Melting Pot | Many nationalities/ cultures merging together. |
| Nativism | Extreme dislike of immigrants by native born Americans. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882, Law that prohibited immigration of Chinese Laborers and limited rights of Chinese already in the U.S. |
| Urbanization | The movement of people from rural/ farm areas to the cities; the growth of cities. |
| Americanization Movement | Program to teach American culture to immigrants. (English, American History, and Government) |
| Tenements | Low cost, multifamily housing for urban workers. |
| Social Gospel Movement | Movement that urged people to help the poor. |
| Gentlemen's Agreement | Compromise with the government of Japan to limit Japanese immigration to the U.S. rather than to outright ban it. |
| Jane Addams | Young social reformer who established a settlement house (Hull House) in Chicago. |
| Political Machine | A group that controlled a political party; unofficial organization deigned to keep a particular party or group in power in cities. |
| Graft | illegal use of political influences for personal gain. |
| Boss Tweed | William Marcy Tweed- Head of New York City's powerful Democratic political machine. |
| Patronage | Giving money or support to a business or organization. |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | A law that set up a civil service commission to oversee the hiring of people for government jobs; only those who scored highest on an exam were given certain jobs, not political supporters. |
| Orville and Wilbur Wright | 1903, credited with creation of the airplane; first to accomplish flight. |
| Booker T. Wahington | Proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than political ones, vocational goals. |
| Tuskegee Institute | Black college started by a former slave to educate African Americans. |
| W.E.B. Dubois | Early civil rights leader who wanted racial equality right away and who started two organizations to help African Americans. (The Niagara Movement, NAACP) |
| Niagara Movement | 1905, Dubois met with 29 others near Niagara Falls to talk about a plan of action toward racial equality. |
| Ida B. Wells | Crusader for women's rights and civil rights for African-Americans, especially against lynching. |
| Poll Tax | Tax that must be paid before a person could vote. |
| Grandfather Clause | A way used to help illiterate whites get around literacy tests; if your grandfather had been eligible to vote before the literacy test was required, then you were eligible to vote. |
| Segregation | The separation of people on the basis of race. |
| Jim Crow Law's | Laws that separated blacks and whites in public accommodations in the south. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court ruling that segregation is legal through the policy of "separate but equal". |
| Mass Culture | The set of ideas and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art. |
| Settlement House | Community center, or institution, that attempted to assimilate immigrants by addressing problems in slum neighborhoods. |
| Tammany Hall | New York City's most powerful Democratic political machine. |
| Joseph Pulitzer | Owner of the New York World newspaper; introduced a large Sunday edition. |
| William Randolph Hearst | Owner of the New York Morning Journal and the San Francisco Examiner; published exaggerated and made up stories. |
| Credit Mobilier | 1868, officers of the Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company; gave contracts to lay railroad track at 2-3 times the actual cost and kept all the profits; paid off congressmen. |
| Spoils System | System of giving jobs to political supporters (not illegal, but made government insufficient, and possibly corrupt). |
| Civil Service | The non-military branches of government administration. |
| Chester Arthur | Collector of tariffs at the port of New York, removed by President Hayes for corruption; 1880, V.P. nominee (Rep.); becomes Pres. after Garfield assassination. (Poster boy for spoils system) |
| George Eastman | Developed a series of more convenient alternatives to heavy glass plates in developing pictures; photographers could use flexible film, coated with gelatin emulsions. |
| New Immigrants | Eastern and Southern Europeans |
| Jacob Riis | Photographer who exposed the poverty and corruption of American cities; wrote How the Other Half Lives. |
| Thomas Nast | Political Cartoonist who is credited with taking down Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed. |
| Blue Laws | A local regulation that prohibits private activities such as selling alcoholic beverages on Sunday. |
| Suburb | A residential community near a city. |
| Lynching | The murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial. |
| Munn v. Illinois | The Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate businesses within their borders. |
| Subsidy | A government payment to develop certain key industries. |
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