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marine biology
module 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| monera | this kingdom represents the least complex organisms in creation |
| bacteria | prokaryotic, single-celled, microscopic organisms, lacking nuclei or other organelles |
| heterotrophic bacteria | bacteria that obtain their food is by breaking down either the waste products of other organisms or dead organic material |
| decomposers | organisms that break down dead organic matter into smaller molecules |
| autotrophic bacteria | bacteria capable of self-nourishment by using photosynthesis as a source of energy |
| chemosynthesis | a process that derives energy from specific chemical compounds |
| cyanobacteria | commonly called blue-green algae,, they are not true algae because they are prokaryotic the color comes from the green chlorophyll for photosynthesis as well as the bluish and reddish pigments in their cells |
| red tide | a red discoloration of the sea by the presence of large numbers of microscopic flagellates, and can be very harmful to the other organisms in the area |
| nitrogen fixation | the process of combining atmospheric nitrogen with other elements |
| stromatolites | a structure built by marine algae and are found off the coast of Australia and in the Caribbean Sea |
| Protista | this kingdom, contains some organisms are plant-like, and others are animal-like |
| unicellular algae | plant-like organisms |
| Phytoplankton | organisms that drift in the water |
| Diatoms | these are extremely plentiful phytoplankton in the ocean |
| silicon dioxide | a glass-like material |
| frustule | the glass-like cell wall |
| diatomaceous ooze | when the glassy material builds up, it forms what scientists call it this |
| diatomaceous earth | large fossilized deposits of what was once diatomaceous ooze |
| auxospore | once the egg and sperm unite, fertilization occurs, and this naked cell is produced |
| silicoflagellates | these organisms have ornate, silica cell walls, one or two flagella, and many small chloroplasts |
| coccolithophores | these unicellular organisms have many round, chalk-like plates, called coccoliths, embedded in their cell walls |
| coccoliths | chalk-like plates |
| dinoflagellate | possess two unequal flagella, one wrapped around a groove in their middles and another trailing freely |
| bloom | dinoflagellates under the right conditions can reproduce at tremendous rates, resulting in dense concentrations of individuals resulting in this |
| bioluminescence | organisms use this ability to produce their own light through this process |
| protozoan | are animal-like, ingest food and are eukaryotic , unicellular and inhabit water, and can even live inside other organisms |
| zooplankton | tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa |
| holoplankton | spend their entire lives as plankton |
| meroplankton | larval stages of organisms that can swim against the currents once they are mature |
| foraminiferans | resemble an amoeba with a shell of calcium carbonate |
| test | a shell of calcium carbonate |
| pseudopodia | project through the test in order to trap food or for locomotion |
| foraminiferan ooze | tests eventually sink to the ocean floor blanking it and creating this |
| radiolarians | secrete delicate shells made mostly of silica |
| radiolarian ooze | the remains of radiolarians shells settle to the bottom of the ocean and forms this |
| ciliates | protozoans that have many hair-like cilia that provide a means of locomotion |
| tintinnids | a cell that is partly covered with cemented particles and is shaped like a vase the mouth of the vase are cilia used for feeding |
| thallus | the complete body of an alga, not differentiated into true leaves, stems, or roots |
| blades | flattened leaf-like forms on kelp, but are not true leaves because there is no veins,and the upper and lower surfaces are the same |
| pneumato cysts | bulb-shaped blatters filled with gas to help the blades get sunlight |
| stripe | connects the blades and the pneumato cysts |
| holdfast | acts as the kelp's anchor |
| Chlorophyta | the phylum that contains green algae |
| Phaeophyta | the phylum that contains brown algae |
| algin | found along the cell walls of the brown algae, it keeps things stay mixed-together |
| Salgasso Sea | sargassum is fund in such large quantities in the central Atlantic that it is often called |
| Kelp | this is a more common name for Macrocystis |
| Rhodophyta | the phylum that contains Red algae |
| Phycobilins | the color pigments that give red algae its reddish color |
| accessory pigments | these can absorb the dim blue light that penetrates the deeper sea depths |
| agar | a source from red algae that scientists use to grow bacteria |
| vegetative reproduction | asexually reproduction is sometimes called his |
| diploid cell | (2n) a cell that has chromosomes which come in pairs |
| haploid cell | (1n) a cell that contains half the normal number of chromosomes (one from each pair) |
| sporophytes | haploid spores |
| gametophyte generation | second-generation haploid thallus |
| sporophyte generation | the zygote then grows into a diploid thallus known as this |
| alternation of generations | a life cycle that alternates between a sexual stage and an asexual stage |
| carpospore | a diploid spore |
| Kingdom Fungi | the 3rd kingdom of marine organisms |
| symbiosis | a close relationship between two species where at least one benefits |
| lichen | an organism that results from the symbiosis between a fungus and a alga |
| Kingdom Plantae | this kingdom contains seagrasses, salt water marsh plants, and mangroves |
| cordgrasses | this member of the grass family, lives in temperate regions of the world in soft, sandy areas along the coast |
| mangroves | salt-tolerant plants, can't tolerate frost, found in the tropics and sub-tropics, can get as big as shrubs or trees, and can form dense forests along muddy shores |
| proproots | grow directly down from the branches forming a dense, tangled undergrowth |
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