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Apologia Biology M6
Vocabulary for Module 6 Exploring Creation with Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | The transport of dissolved substances into cells (161) |
| Digestion | The breakdown of absorbed substances (161) |
| Respiration | The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy (161) |
| Excretion | The removal of soluble waste materials (162) |
| Egestion | The removal of non-soluble waste materials (162) |
| Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances (162) |
| Homeostasis (ho mee oh stay' sis) | Maintaining the status quo in a cell (162) |
| Reproduction | Producing more cells (162) |
| Cytology (sigh tahl' uhjee) | The study of cells (163) |
| Cell wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells (165) |
| Middle lamella (luh mel' uh) | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells (165) |
| Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings (166) |
| Cytoplasm (sy' tub plaz uhm) | A jelly-like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended (166) |
| Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons (166) |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of the cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents (166) |
| Mitochondria (my tuh kahn' dree uh) | The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy (167) |
| Lysosome (lye' soh soam) | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids (167) |
| Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis (168) |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (en do plaz' mik rih tik' yuh lum) | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell (168) |
| Rough ER | ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) that is dotted with ribosomes (168) |
| Smooth ER | ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) that has no ribosomes (168) |
| Golgi (gole' jee) bodies | The organelles in which proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell (171) |
| Leucoplasts (loo' kuh plasts) | Organelles that store starches or oils (168) |
| Chromoplasts (kroh' muh plasts) | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis (169) |
| Central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes (169) |
| Waste vacuoles | Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion (169) |
| Phagocytosis (fag uh' sigh toh' sis) | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells (169) |
| Phagocytic (fag uh' sih tik) vacuole | A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs (169) |
| Pinocytic (pin uh sih tik') vesicle | Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules (170) |
| Secretion vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released (170) |
| Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tube-like structure (172) |
| Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm (172) |
| Chromatin (kroh' muh tun) | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell (173) |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell keep its shape, and aids in movement (173) |
| Microfilaments | Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell’s cytoskeleton (173) |
| Intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments (173) |
| Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group (176) |
| Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion (179) |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy (179) |
| Isotonic (eve suh tahn' ik) solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution (179) |
| Hypertonic (hi pur tahn' ik) solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution (179) |
| Plasmolysis (plaz mahl' uh sis) | Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to lack of water (179) |
| Cytolysis (sigh tahl' us sis) | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure (180) |
| Hypotonic (hi pur tahn' ik) solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution (180) |
| Activation energy | Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going (182) |
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ngio64
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