Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NUR 162 Ch. 27
NUR 162 Chapter 27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 6 components of the infection cycle? | Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host |
| What is the most significant and most commonly observed infection- causing agent in healthcare institutions? | bacteria |
| What information is most crucial to physicians when prescribing the most appropriate antibiotic therapy? | Whether the bacteria is gram-positive or not, b/c antibiotics are classified as specifically effective against only gram-positive organisms or as 'broad spectrum' and effective against several groups of microorganisms |
| What is the smallest of the microorganisms? | The virus--it's only visible with an electron microscope |
| What factors determine an organisms potential to produce disease? | Number of organisms, virulence of the organism (its ability to produce disease), competence of the person's immune system, length and intimacy of the contact between the person and the microorganism |
| reservoir? | The natural habitat of the organism |
| Humans can act as reservoirs for disease, what is a carrier? | individuals who can transmit a disease even though they do not show any symptoms |
| What is the "portal of exit"? | the point of escape for the organism from the reservoir. Common portals of exit in humans are respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, breaks in the skin, blood, and tissues |
| Vector? | nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another |
| What is the most common bacteria found in hospitals? | Staphylococcus aureus. Reservoirs: skin, mouth, nose, throat. Transmitted by: direct contact. Disease transmitted: wound infection, abscess, carbuncle, boil |
| What are the reservoirs for Hep B? | blood, feces, body fluids and excretions. Transmitted by: indirect contact--Hep B can live in the environment for a good while--it's hardy. |
| What are the reservoirs for HIV? What does HIV stand for? | Human immunodeficiency virus. Reservoirs are: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk. Transmitted by: direct contact--HIV is said to be a fragile virus. |
| What disease does HIV transmit | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
| Tuberculosis--what is the means of transmission? | airborne |
| What are the reservoirs for E. coli? | Feces (direct contact), Undercooked beef and unpasteurized apple juice (direct contact-digestion) |
| How can a microorganism be blocked from leaving its reservoir? | Transmission based precautions--sterilization or use of disposable supplies |
| How can disease transmission be stopped and portal of exit blocked? | Dry intact dressing, hand hygiene, wearing gloves, cover nose/mouth when sneeze cough |
| Use of pesticides and adequate refrigeration are examples of what? | blocking a portal of entry for a microorganism, stopping the means of transmission |
| Immunizations and screening healthcare staff are examples of what? | Preventing a microorganism from finding a susceptible host |
| What are the stages of infection? | Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, and the convalescent period |
| What is happening during the incubation period? | the organisms are growing and multiplying. The incubation period is the interval between the pathogen's invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection. Common cold: 1-2 days Tetanus: 2-21 days so length varies |
| When is a person most infectious? What is happening during that time? | Predromal stage. Signs and symptoms of the disease are present, but are often vague and nonspecific (fatigue, malaise, low-grade fever). Lasts several hours to several days. b/c the pt may not realize they are sick and contagious the disease spreads. |
| What characterizes the full stage of sickness phase? | the presence of specific signs/symptoms |
| What is the convalescent period? | The recovery period |
| Antigen vs. Antibody | the foreign material is the antigen. The body responds to the antigen by producing an antibody in a process known as humoral immunity. |
| What is considered to a normal white blood cell count? | 5-10,000/mm³--an elevated WBC count is a sign of infection. Even approaching 8 or 9,000 raises a red flag. |
| When would there be an increase in neutrophils? What is the normal % of nutrophils? | Neutrophils are increased in acute injections that produce pus; there is an increased risk for acute bacterial infection if they are decreased; they may also increase in a response to stress. 60-70% is normal |
| When are lymphocytes increased? What is their normal %? | They are increased in chronic bacterial and viral infections. Normal is 20-40% of WBC's |
| When are monocytes increased? What is their normal %? | They are increased in severe infections and function as a scavenger or phagocyte. Normal is 2 - 8%. |
| When are eosinophils increased? What is their normal %? | Increase during allergic reaction and parasitic infection? Normal is 1-4 % |
| When are basophils increased? What is their normal range? | Basophils are usually unaffected by infections? Normal is 0.5-1% |
| What does "elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate" mean? What does that indicate? | It's when RBC's settle more rapidly to the bottom of a tube of whole blood when an inflammation is present. |
| Asepsis | All activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection |
| medical asepsis | AKA "clean technique"-- procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens. Like performing hand hygiene or wearing gloves. |
| Surgical asepsis | AKA "sterile technique"--practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. Surgical asepsis procedures could include inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or inserting an IV catheter. |
| Name 3 types of transmission barriers | Hand hygiene, barrier techniques (sterilization, decontamination, and disposing of waste appropriately), and Personal Protective Equipment (Gloves, Gowns, Masks, and Protective eye gear) |
| Effective hand washing lasts how long? | At least 15 seconds |
| Disinfection | destroys all pathogenic organisms excepts spores |
| sterilization | destroys all microorganisms including spores--and is performed on equipment that is entering a sterile part of the body |
| When are gloves not necessary? | when care activities do not involve the possibility of contact with bloody fluids--turning a pt, feeding a pt, taking vital signs, and changing IV bags |
| What should you NEVER do while wearing gloves? | Leave the pt's room (unless transporting a contaminated item or patient requiring transmission based precautions), write in the patients chart, or use the computer keyboard or phone in the nurses stations |
| When is putting on 2 sets of gloves warranted? | It is recommended if the healthcare worker is going to be exposed to blood or bodily fluids. |
| What must be worn when entering a room with a pt known to have tuberculosis? | Either a HEPA filter respirator or a N95 respirator certified by NIOSH |
| OPIM | other potentially infective material |
| What poses the greatest blood borne risk to healthcare workers? | HBV |
| The current CDC guidelines for recommended practices in healthcare facilities includes two tiers of precautions: Standard and Transmission-based precautions…what are the 3 types of transmission based precautions? | airborne, droplet, and contact |
| What do the standard precautions apply to? | Blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin, mucous membranes |
| What do the transmission-based precautions apply to? | patients with (or with suspected) infection |
| Name 3 examples of infections that spread through the air? | TB, varicella (chicken pox), and rubeola (measles) |
| What are examples of infections spread by large-particle droplets? | rubella, mumps, diphtheria and the adenovirus |
| Where is surgical asepsis regularly used? | OR, labor and delivery area, and certain diagnostic testing areas. Also bedside by a nurse for: insertion of urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes, or preparing an injectable medication |
| HAI | healthcare-associated infection |
| exogenous | an infection where the causative organism is acquired from other people |
| endogenous | an infection where the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored in the person |
| iatrogenic | infection resulting from a treatment or diagnostic procedure. Not all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic |
| ICP | Infection control professional AKA the infection-control nurse |
| What is the correct order to remove PPE when the nurse has completed patient care? | Untie waist strings of gown, remove gloves, remove mask, remove gown, and remove eyewear |
Created by:
cspearsall
Popular Nursing sets