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ID final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Christopher Columbus | he was of Italian heritage who sailed for Spain |
| Christopher Columbus | was in search of spices and gold |
| Christopher Columbus | he believed a shorter path to the East Indies could be achievements by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean |
| Christopher Columbus | had three ships on his first voyage - the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria |
| Christopher Columbus | set sail in 1492 |
| Christopher Columbus | he made four voyages to the New World in total |
| Christopher Columbus | opened the West economically through Colombian Exchange |
| Roanoke | first attempt by Queen Elizabeth and England to colonize North America |
| Roanoke | founded in Virginia (N.C.) by Sir Walter Raleigh |
| Roanoke | Virginia Dare was first English white child born in America |
| Roanoke | Spanish Armada stopped the resupply of colony |
| Roanoke | colony disappeared before supply ships arrived |
| Roanoke | one word was left on a tree- Croatan |
| Roanoke | known as the Lost Colony |
| Pocahontas | daughter of Chief Powhatan |
| Pocahontas | important interpreter for Jamestown colony |
| Pocahontas | she is captured and converted to Christianity in 1613 |
| Pocahontas | Christians give her the name Rebecca |
| Pocahontas | she married an important, early plantation owner named John Rolfe |
| Pocahontas | she is a sensation when she visits England in 1616 |
| Pocahontas | A son (Thomas) is born in England and she dies there |
| Jamestown | becomes the first permanent English settlement in the New World |
| Jamestown | founded in 1607 |
| Jamestown | the colony is named after King James I (Scotland) |
| Jamestown | run by Virginia Company (private company) |
| Jamestown | most of the colonists died during the winter of 1609-1610 "Starving Time" |
| Jamestown | the capital of Virginia from 1616-1699 |
| Jamestown | tobacco brought to this colony would make Virginia's wealth |
| Plymouth | Pilgrims founded in 1620 |
| Plymouth | the colonists were led by William Bradford |
| Plymouth | many of the colonists were attempting to escape religious persecution |
| Plymouth | the colony was supposed to be located at the mouth of the Hudson River (New York) |
| Plymouth | the Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic on the Mayflower (the speedwell leaked too much) |
| Plymouth | Plymouth Rock symbolizes the spot it was founded |
| Plymouth | Plymouth was absorbed by Massachusetts in 1691 |
| Arthur Miller | well-known American playwright |
| Arthur Miller | among Miller's famous plays is Death of a Salesman |
| Arthur Miller | he also wrote the crucible in 1953 |
| Arthur Miller | the crucible details the Salem Witch Trials |
| Arthur Miller | the play is an allergory for the McCarthy Trials |
| Arthur Miller | Miller was convicted of "contempt of Congress" for not disclosing "communists" in the industry |
| Arthur Miller | Miller was married briefly to Marilyn Monroe |
| George Washington | British officer during the French and Indian War |
| George Washington | commander of Revolutionary Forces-Continental Army |
| George Washington | presided over Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia |
| George Washington | 1st president and only one elected unanimously |
| George Washington | established important groundwork for future presidents - the cabinet and inaugural address |
| George Washington | owned a large plantation in Virginia named Mount Vernon |
| George Washington | only founding Father to emancipate all his slaves at death (no children) |
| Patrick Henry | famous for "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" |
| Patrick Henry | was an attorney, plantation owner, and politician from Virginia |
| Patrick Henry | he led the opposition to the Stamp Act |
| Patrick Henry | believed in Republicanism, focusing on liberty and unalienable rights |
| Patrick Henry | he became the first post-colonial governor of Virginia |
| Patrick Henry | was opposed to the constitution |
| Patrick Henry | like many founding fathers, owned slaves |
| Boston Massacre | occurred in 1770, known as Incident on King Street by British |
| Boston Massacre | crown appointed English troops were surrounded by mob of hecklers throwing objects |
| Boston Massacre | five killed and six wounded |
| Boston Massacre | among the dead was a free black man, Crispus Attucks |
| Boston Massacre | soldiers were defeated by John Adams |
| Boston Massacre | eight were charged, two convicted of manslaughter and branded |
| Boston Massacre | Paul Revere engraving immortalizes event |
| Stamp Act | first direct tax on colonists imposed by England and Parliament |
| Stamp Act | tax paid for troops stationed in America after the French and Indian War |
| Stamp Act | all paper taxed with Stamp produced in London |
| Stamp Act | Americans could only pay tax with British Pound and not colonial script |
| Stamp Act | act was repealed in 1766 |
| Stamp Act | it was replaced by the Declaratory Act |
| Stamp Act | colonists begin the refrain "No Taxation Without Representation" |
| Common sense | written anonymously in early 1776 |
| Common sense | Thomas Paine later known as author |
| Common sense | Paine emigrated from England in 1774 |
| Common sense | written in plain, simple language |
| Common sense | Paine argued that it was ridiculous for an island country to rule a continent and Britain ruled only out of self interest |
| Common sense | became the largest circulated document in American history in relation to population |
| Common sense | John Adams stated "without the pen of the author of ______, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain" |
| Paul Revere | his father was an immigrant from France and named Apollo Rivoire |
| Paul Revere | main occupation was that of silversmith |
| Paul Revere | became famous for Boston Massacre engraving |
| Paul Revere | participated in the Boston Tea Party |
| Paul Revere | set signal at the Old North Church of "one if by land, two if by sea" |
| Paul Revere | one of three riders to warn the residents of Lexington and Concord - William Dawes and Dr. Samuel Prescott |
| Paul Revere | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow immortalizes Revere in 1861 with "The Midnight Ride" poem |
| Declaration of Independence | principally written by Thomas Jefferson with input from John Adams, edited by Congress |
| Declaration of Independence | congress unanimously approved the Declaration by vote on July 2, 1776 (John Adams argument) |
| Declaration of Independence | the document was signed July 4, 1776 and then lost |
| Declaration of Independence | established the United States of America |
| Declaration of Independence | engrossed (official) copy was signed on August 2, 1776 |
| Declaration of Independence | 56 delegates signed the Declaration |
| Declaration of Independence | John Hancock signed it big for the king to see it |
| Declaration of Independence | after a long journey, including Library at Congress and Fort Knox, it sends up at the National Archives |
| Thomas Jefferson | author of the Declaration of Independence |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd president of the United States |
| Thomas Jefferson | anti-federalist - known as the father of the Democratic Party |
| Thomas Jefferson | acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from France and Napoleon |
| Thomas Jefferson | has one of the most unique homes in the country at Monticello |
| Thomas Jefferson | founder of the University of Virginia |
| Thomas Jefferson | had several children with slave Sally Hemmings |
| Thomas Jefferson | died on July 4, 1826, same day as John Adams |
| Bill of Rights | came about through anti-Federalists push |
| Bill of Rights | central figures were John Hancock and Samuel Adams |
| Bill of Rights | James Madison proposed 39 additions |
| Bill of Rights | 12 were accepted by congress |
| Bill of Rights | 10 were voted on and passed by the stairs |
| Bill of Rights | it provides protection from the government (speech, etc.) |
| Bill of Rights | influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1689 English Bill of Rights and 1215 Magna Carta |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | also called the Corps. of Discovery, 1804-1806 |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and second Lieutenant William Clark |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | they were the first American expedition to cross western U.S. |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | the voyage was commissioned by Thomas Jefferson |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | departed from St. Louis in May 1804 |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | reached Pacific Ocean in November 1805 at the mouth of the Columbia River |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | three objectives were to map territory, find a possible direct water route, and establish American presence before Europeans |
| Sacagawea | she was a member of the Shoshone tribe |
| Sacagawea | kidnapped at age 12 by Hidatsa tribe |
| Sacagawea | purchased, or perhaps won in card game, by French trader Toussaint Charbonneau - also acquired Otter Woman at the same time |
| Sacagawea | married at the age of 13 |
| Sacagawea | became an important interpreter and guide for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark at age 16 |
| Sacagawea | traveled from Fort Mandan, North Dakota to Pacific Ocean and back (began trip pregnant with her first child) |
| Sacagawea | is on the 2000 gold dollar coin |
| Tecumseh | member of the Shawnee tribe |
| Tecumseh | his name translates to "shooting star" |
| Tecumseh | father was killed by frontiersmen who were squatting on land illegally |
| Tecumseh | he will organize one of the strongest Indian Alliances known as the Tecumseh Confederacy |
| Tecumseh | founded Prophetstown near present-day Lafayette |
| Tecumseh | confederacy was severely damaged at Battle of Tippecanoe |
| Tecumseh | died at the Battle of Thames during the War of 1812 - Harrison was opposing general |
| Louisiana Purchase | a slave uprising in Haiti led Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States in 1803 |
| Louisiana Purchase | the U.S. paid approximately 11 million for the land and 4 million for cancellation of debt, 15 million total |
| Louisiana Purchase | the total price came out to roughly 3 cents an acre (42 cents in 2010 dollars) |
| Louisiana Purchase | it instantly doubled the size of the United States |
| Louisiana Purchase | Jefferson originally asked for the city of New Orleans only, willing to pay 2 to 10 million |
| Louisiana Purchase | Jefferson overstepped Constitutional bounds claiming it was a treaty negotiation |
| Louisiana Purchase | the purchase did not account for slaves and Natives who lived there |
| William Henry Harrison | first governor of the Indiana Territory |
| William Henry Harrison | ran for president under the catch phrase Tippecanoe and Tyler Too - nicknamed gained after Battle of Tippecanoe |
| William Henry Harrison | last British subject to be president |
| William Henry Harrison | oldest elected president (68) until Ronald Reagan in 1981 (69) |
| William Henry Harrison | held the shortest term in office - 32 days |
| William Henry Harrison | became the first president to die in office |
| William Henry Harrison | official cause of death was pneumonia - Harrison had given the longest inaugural speech in history in cold and rainy conditions without a coat or umbrella |
| Star Spangled Banner | written by Francis Scott Key during the bombardment of Fort McHenry in Chesapeake Bay of British (near Baltimore) |
| Star Spangled Banner | writer was a lawyer and an amateur poet |
| Star Spangled Banner | he set the lyrics to the popular British song "To Anacreon in Heaven" |
| Star Spangled Banner | he titled it "The Defence of Fort McHenry" |
| Star Spangled Banner | four stanzas are in song, we sing only one |
| Star Spangled Banner | it became the official National Anthem in 1931 by decree of President Herbert Hoover |
| Star Spangled Banner | the flag that inspired the song is currently on display in Washington, D.C. at the National Museum of American History |
| Andrew Jackson | born in North Carolina in 1767 |
| Andrew Jackson | he was beaten and his brother was killed by the British during the Revolution |
| Andrew Jackson | moved across the Appalachians into Tennessee at the age of 21 |
| Andrew Jackson | became famous at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812 - allied with Creek Indians |
| Andrew Jackson | ruthless towards Natives and gained nickname "Sharp Knife" |
| Andrew Jackson | Whites nicknamed him"Old Hickory" |
| Andrew Jackson | became the 7th president, and first west of Appalachian Mountains |
| Andrew Jackson | brought democracy to the masses |
| Missouri Compromise | approved in 1820 by congress, it was a plan for western territories of Louisiana Purchase and balancing of free and slave states |
| Missouri Compromise | everything north of latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes was free |
| Missouri Compromise | this state would only be exception to rule |
| Missouri Compromise | Maine split from Massachusetts to counter Missouri's entrance as slave state |
| Missouri Compromise | repealed in 1854 by Kansas-Nebraska Act and idea of "popular sovereignty" |
| Missouri Compromise | the Supreme Court also ruled Compromise unconstitutional in the Dred Scott Case (1857) |
| Missouri Compromise | its legacy is the postponement of the Civil War |
| Erie Canal | known as Clinton's Ditch or Folly, was named after New York governor Dewitt Clinton |
| Erie Canal | constructed from 1817-1825 |
| Erie Canal | became one of the longest canals in the Western Hemisphere at 363 miles |
| Erie Canal | connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie |
| Erie Canal | also connected Albany with Buffalo |
| Erie Canal | cut shipping costs by 95% |
| Erie Canal | made New York City the nations #1 port |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | longest canal in U.S history at 468 miles |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | proposed by George Washington as a mean to connect east and west |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | used to promote trade, agriculture, and settlement |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | ground broken in Fort Wayne on 2/22/1832 by Jordan Vigus |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | canal entered Logansport in 1838 |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | finished canal began in Toledo, Ohio and ended in Evansville, Indiana |
| Wabash and Erie Canal | last boat through Logansport The Clyde entered in 1875 |
| National Road | first major improved government founded highway, traveling east to west |
| National Road | surface was made of Macadam - chip and seal over stone |
| National Road | encouraged settlement to the west |
| National Road | began in Cumberland, Maryland in 1811 and ended in Vandalia, Illinois in 1850 |
| National Road | 600 miles in total length |
| National Road | cost $7 million |
| National Road | today's U.S. 40 runs along same route |
| Sojourner Truth | born Isabella Baumfree into slavery in New York |
| Sojourner Truth | African-American abolitionist and women's rights leader |
| Sojourner Truth | spoke only Dutch until the age of nine when she was sold |
| Sojourner Truth | new master acquired her $100 and some sheep |
| Sojourner Truth | John Pumont broke promise to free her and she escapes with daughter in 1826 (7/4/1827) |
| Sojourner Truth | known for 1851 Ain't I a Woman speech |
| Sojourner Truth | rewritten in Southern Style by Frances Gage in 1863 |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | activist, abolitionist, and suffragist from NY |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | initiated first major effort in women's reform interested in divorce rights, birth control, and temperance |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | held the first equal rights convention for women at Seneca Falls in 1848 |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | became famous for her Declaration of Sentiments - similar to Declaration of Independence |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | founder of National Woman Suffrage Association |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | opposed 14th and 15th Amendments based on idea black men should not get right to vote before women |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | beliefs caused rival American Woman Suffrage Association to form |
| Susan B. Anthony | was an activist, abolitionist, suffragist, and Quaker |
| Susan B. Anthony | printed a weekly journal from 18668-1872 called the Revolution |
| Susan B. Anthony | voted in the 1872 presidential race |
| Susan B. Anthony | after arrest not allowed to testify at own trial and found guilty |
| Susan B. Anthony | she refused to pay the $100 fine |
| Susan B. Anthony | proposed Anthony Amendment to Congress in 1878 to allow women vote - eventually 19th Amendment |
| Susan B. Anthony | first non-fictitious woman - Lady Liberty - to be on American money, 1979 - 1981 $1 coin |
| The Alamo | Spanish Mission located in present-day San Antonio |
| The Alamo | Texans forced out Mexican rulers |
| The Alamo | President Santa Ana - Mexico - comes back with army to destroy the Alamo |
| The Alamo | thirteen day battle leaves all the defenders of The Alamo dead, some 185 men |
| The Alamo | among the important dead are William Travis and James Bowlie |
| The Alamo | Texans fightback with rallying cry... "Remember The Alamo" |
| The Alamo | today it is the biggest tourist attraction in Texas |
| Oregon Trail | began in Independence, Missouri and ended in Oregon City, Oregon |
| Oregon Trail | total length of trail was 2,000 miles |
| Oregon Trail | laid down by fur trappers prior to 1840 and was only accessibly by foot or horse |
| Oregon Trail | 400,000 people used the trail at its height in 1840's |
| Oregon Trail | deaths on the trail were mainly from cholera and dysentery |
| Oregon Trail | trail declined after opening of transcontinental railroad- 1869 |
| Oregon Trail | today's I-80 roughly follows same route |
| Transcontinental Railroad | connected Council Bluffs, Iowa with San Francisco, CA |
| Transcontinental Railroad | total length of track was 1,900 miles |
| Transcontinental Railroad | first proposed by Asa Whitney in 1845 |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Northern Republicans picked central route during Civil War while Democrats were gone |
| Transcontinental Railroad | construction took six years, ending at Promontory Point, Utah with golden spike in 1869 |
| Transcontinental Railroad | first known as the Pacific Railroad |
| Transcontinental Railroad | dramatically increased settlement and economic development of the Wesst |
| James K. Polk | 11th and earliest photographed president, 1845-1849 |
| James K. Polk | prior to the White House, he was speaker of the House and governor of Tennessee |
| James K. Polk | won election with promise to annex Texas |
| James K. Polk | responsible for opening the Naval Academy and the Amithsonian while in office |
| James K. Polk | led the U.S. during the Mexican War |
| James K. Polk | accomplished all of his agenda |
| James K. Polk | died of cholera three months after term |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | proposed by Illinois Democrat Stephen Douglas |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | opened new territories of Kansas and Nebraska to the possibility of slavery |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | residents of the territories decided by popular sovereignty - democracy |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | its passage repealed the Missouri Compromise |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | Douglas' hope that thousands of farms in territories would make transcontinental railroad feasible - Chicago |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | the North cried of slave power and slaveocracy |
| Kansas - Nebraska Act | led to the Republican Party - Lincoln - and Bleeding Kansas |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | daughter of religious leader Lyman Beecher |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | she was an abolitionist and author |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | wrote weekly serial in Newspaper National Era |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | the serial's title, Life Among the Lowly, would eventually be retitled Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | she received $400 for the original publication of the book |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | after the war she helped found the University of Hartford |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | she died as a complication of dementia |
| Millard Fillmore | 13th president of the United States, 1850-1853 |
| Millard Fillmore | assumed the presidency after war hero Zachary Taylor's death |
| Millard Fillmore | last president from the Whig Party |
| Millard Fillmore | after term in office become part of the American Party known for being anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic-Nativism |
| Millard Fillmore | ran for president on American ticket in 1856 finishing third |
| Millard Fillmore | founded the University of Buffalo |
| Millard Fillmore | consistently ranked in the bottom ten of U.S. presidents |
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