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PHLB - LABS
Clinical Analysis Areas & Tests
| CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREAS: | Hematology, Coagulation, Chemistry, Serology/Immunology, Urinalysis, Microbiology, Blood Bank/Immunohematology, Cytogenetic/Flow Cytometry. |
| HEMATOLOGY | Dept performs lab tests to identify disease associated w/blood and blood forming tissues. Most commonly ordered is CBC (complete blood count). |
| CBC | Complete Blood Count: Usually performed on a (Beckman Coulter Counter - electronically counts cells and calculates results.) CBC is a multipart assay reported on a form called a hemogram. |
| Coagulation | Study of ability of blood to form and dissolve clots. Used to discover, identify & monitor defects in blood-clotting mechanism. |
| Anticoagulants | Medications to thin the blood. |
| Common Coagulation tests | |
| INR (International Normalized Ratio) | *The PT & the calculated standardized unit for the PT (INR) are measures of the Extrinsic pathway of coagulation). Used in conjunction w/ activated aPTT, which measures the Intrinsic Pathway. |
| CHEMISTRY (Clinical Analysis Area) | Dept. performs most lab tests. May have subsections: toxicology, therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular diagnostics. Highly computerized like COBAS 6000 instrument, performs metabolic panels on multiple testing aspects & risk panels per testing. |
| Risk Panels for Cardioyascular Assessment includes tests such as: | Apolipoprotein B (ApoB); the primary component of LDL. 9p21: genomic marker for CAD. N-terminal prohormone of BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide or NT-proBNP). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) |
| cont. | Homocysteine: elevated levels increase risk for heart/blood vessel disease. Fibrinogen: biomarker assoc. w/ cardiovascular disease. |
| PM (Personalized Medicine) | Customized health assessment, treatment and care. |
| Common Coagulation Tests: | |
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) | Prolonged times may indicate stage 1 defects; values reflect adequacy of heparin therapy. |
| D-dimer | Evaluates thrombin & plasmin activity. Useful for testing for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); used to monitor thrombolytic therapy. |
| Fibrin Split Products (FSP) | High levels result in FDP fragments that interfere with platelet function & clotting. |
| Fibrinogen | Fibrinogen deficiency suggests hemorrhagic disorders. Used mostly in obstetrics. |
| PT (Prothrombin Time) or (INR) International Normalized Ration | Prolonged times may indicate stage 2 & 3 coagulation defects. Values are used to monitor warfarin therapy and evaluate liver diseases & Vitamin K deficiency. |
| TT (Thrombin Time) | |
| Most common chemistry specimens: | Serum & Plasma. Other types of specimens tested: whole blood, urine, various body fluids. |
| Disease/Organ Specific CHEMISTRY PANELS (CMS approved) | |
| Panel Grouping & Diagnostic Tests | |
| Panel Group: BMP (Basic Metabolic Panel) | Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Sodium (NA2+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Calcium (CA2+) |
| Panel Group: CMP (Comprehensive Metabolic Panel) | Albumin, glucose, BUN, Creatinine, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2, aspartate amino-transferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, total protein, total bilirubin, calcium. |
| Panel Group: Electrolyte Panel | Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2. |
| Panel Group: Hepatic Function Panel A | AST, ALT, Alkaline, phosphatase, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin. |
| Panel Group: Lipid Panel | Cholesterol, lipoprotein, high-density cholesterol (HDL) triglycerides. |
| Panel Group: Renal Function Panel | Glucose, BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, calcium, albumin, phosphorus. |
| HEMOGRAM FOR CBC (COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT Assay) | |
| Hct HEMATOCRIT | Values correspond to the red cell count & hemoglobin level; when decreased: indicates anemic conditions. |
| Hgb HEMOGLOBIN | Decreased values: indicate anemic conditions. Values differ per age, sex, altitude and hydration. |
| RBC Count RED BLOOD CELL COUNT | Measure of erythropoietic activity. Decrease in numbers are related to anemic conditions. |
| WBC Count WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT | Abnormal leukocyte response indicative of various conditions (infection, malignancies). When accompanied by low WBCs, differential test becomes more specific. |
| Diff DIFFERENTIAL WHITE COUNT | Changes in appearance or # of specific cell types signify specific disease conditions. Values also monitor chemotherapy or radiation Tx. |
| Plt Count PLATELET COUNT | |
| Indices | Changes in RBC size, weight & Hgb content indicate certain anemias. |
| MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | Reveals the weight of the Hgb in the cell, regardless of size. Decreased content: indicates iron deficiency anemia. Increased content: found in macrocytic anemia. |
| MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume | Reveals size of the cell. Decreased MCV: associated w/ thalassemia iron-deficiency anemia. Increased MCV: suggests folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency & chronic emphysema |
| MCHC Mean Corpuscular Concentration | Reveals the Hgb concentration per unit vol. of RBCs. Below Normal range: RBCs are deficient in Hgb (as in thalassemia, over hydration or iron-deficiency anemia. Above normal range is seen in severe burns, prolonged dehydration & hereditary spherocytosis. |
| RDW RED BLOOD CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH | Reveals size of differences of the RBCs. Early predictor of anemia before other signs and symptoms appear. |
Created by:
MCasler
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