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68WM6 Blood 09-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ABO Blood Groups | A system of grouping blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens. |
| Albumin | Small plasma protiens synthesized in the liver that are the primary components of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream . |
| Anemia | A condition that results from too few erthyrocytes or hemoglobin. |
| Antibodies | soluble, globular proteins that directly attack antigens, activate complement, or stimulate changes that prevent the spread of pathogens. |
| Antigens | A chemical compound attached to a cell surface which, if not recognized by the lymphatic system, elicits an immune response. |
| Coagulation | an effective hemostatic mechanism that causes blood clots throught the use of clotting factors. |
| Colloid Osmotic Pressure | the pressure resulting from water moving toward an area of a higher concentration of a solute. |
| Embolus | a dislodged blood clot that is moving through the blood vessels. |
| Erythrocytes | biconcave disks, also known as red blood cells, used to transport gases. |
| Erythropoietin | a hormone that is secreted by the kidney an dliver to control rate of erythrocyte production. |
| Fibrin | insoluble threads of protein that form a meshwork at sites of injury that entrap blood cells and platelets forming blood clots. |
| Fibrinogen | a large protein synthesized in the liver that functions in blood coagulation. |
| Globulin | three types of proteins sythesized in the lover and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and immunity. |
| Hematocrit | the percantage of formed elements in a volume of whole blood. (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) |
| Hemoglobin | oxygen carrying portion of the erythrocyte. |
| Hemostasis | the processes responsible for stopping blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged. |
| Leukocytes | Five types of cells, also known as white blood cells, that protect against disease. |
| Five Types of Leukocytes | 1. Neutrophils2. Eosinophils3. Basophils4. Monocytes5. Lymphocytes |
| Lipoprotein | proteins that combine with lipids to allow transport of lipids through the bloodstream. |
| Rh Blood Group | a system of grouping blood based on the presence of the Rh antigen. |
| Thromobocytes | cell fragments, as known as platelets, that close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate the formation of blood clots. |
| Plasma | clear straw-colored loquid portion of whole blood which contains a complex mixture of chemicals. |
| Thrombopoietin | a hormone responsible for the initiation of the formation of thrombocytes. |
| Thrombus | a blood clot that abnormally forms in a blood vessel. |
| Whole Blood | the combination of all fluid and components in the blood. |
| Function of Blood | Transports biochemicals throughout the body. |
| Products absorbed into the digestion tract | amino acids, simple sugars, lipid, vitamins, and iron. |
| Blood distributes _____. | heat |
| How does blood distribute heat? | Warm blood from body core moves to surface where it is cooled and exchanged in the body core. |
| Blood helps maintain hydrostatic pressure how? | The pressure in the capillaries resulting from the action of the heart. |
| Blood protects against disease by | transporting a wide variety of cells that fight infection and prevent disease. |
| Blood plugs damaged vessels by | providing biochemicals and cells that form necessary clots to prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. |
| Erythrocytes | biconcave disks, also known as red blood cells, used to transport gases. |
| Why are red blood cells shaped as biconcave disks? | the shape increases the surface area allowing more gases to be carried. |
| Hemoglobin | the oxygen carrying portion of the erythrocite. Approximately 1/3 of the erythrocyte volume. Bright-red when bound with oxygen. |
| Cell life span is... | Approximately 120 days. |
| Macrophages destroy damages cells primarily in the_______. | Liver |
| Vitamins necessary for erythrocyte development | Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid |
| Iron is a major component of____. | Hemoglobin |
| Anemia | A condition that results from too few erythrocytes or hemoglobin. |
| What is a characteristic of anemia? | Pale appearance and lack of energy. |
| Bilirubin | Orange pigment resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin. |
| Jaundice | An excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. |
| Leukocytes | Five types of cells, also known as white blood cells. Protect against disease, phagocytize bacterial cells. |
| Leukocytes produce | proteins (antibodies) that destroy or disable foreign particles. |
| Granulocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. |
| Agranulocytes | Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
| Leukocytes | Cell Count |
| Leukocytosis | An increase in the normal level present in the blood (>10,000 per mm3). May indicate an acute infection. |
| Leukopenia | A decrease in the normal level present in the blood(<5000 per mm3) |
| Leukopenia is usually the result of_____. | A disease process...malfunction of blood forming tissues, disease affecting immune system (AIDS) |
| DIFF | Differential white blood cell count |
| DIFF is a test that lists____. | Percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample. |
| Neutrophils usually increase in______infections. | Bacterial |
| Eosinophils may increase during______infections. | Parasitic |
| Platelets | Incomplete cells and portions of cells also known as thrombocytes. |
| Platelets clump together at the site of the_____. | Hemorrhage |
| Blood vessel damage causes platelets to become____and form a _____. | become sticky and form a "platelet plug" |
| Platelets ultimately become a part of_____. | the clot itself. |
| Plasma proteins | Most abundant of the dissolved substance in blood. |
| Plasma proteins remain in the blood and______fluids. | interstitial fluids |
| Albumins | Smallest protein, accounts for 60% of proteins by wieght, importance factors in the process of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream. |
| Colloid Osmotic Pressure protiens are unable to _________. | Proteins unable to cross the vessel wall. |
| Colloid Osmotic Pressure creates osmotic pressure on the side with________. | protiens |
| Water crosses towards the area of ______ osmotic pressure. | highest |
| Globulins: Alpha and Beta are synthesized in the_______. | Liver |
| Globulins: Alpha and Beta transport______and_____. | Lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. |
| Gamma Plasma Proteins are produced in the_____ ______. | Lymphatic Tissues |
| Gamma Plasma Proteins are a type of_____. | Antibody |
| Fibrinogens function in_______. | Blood Coagulation. |
| Fibrogens are synthesized in the______. | Liver |
| Fibrinogens are the_____of the proteins. | Largest |
| Blood Gases have two functional components they are.... | Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide |
| A nonfunctional component of blood gas is | Nitrogen |
| Plasma Nutrients: | Simple sugars and Nucleotides |
| Simple Sugars are the basic resource for____. | Cellular Energy |
| Simple sugars are stored as___or___. | Glycogen or Fat |
| Nucleotides are the building blocks of____. | Nucleic Acid |
| Three different types of lipids are: | Fats, Phopholipids, and Cholesterol. |
| Plasma nutrients form_____when combined with proteins(water soluble) | Lipoprotiens |
| What is a VLDL? | Very low-density lipoproteins |
| LDL means.... | Low Density Lipoproteins |
| HDL is..... | High-Density Lipoproteins |
| Plasma Nutrient Nitrogen Compounds are: | Amino Acid, Urea, and Uric Acid. |
| Amino Acid is transported to the liver and used to________. | manufacture proteins. |
| Urea is produced from the breakdown of_____. | proteins. |
| Urea is excreted in the______. | Urine |
| Uric Acid is produced from the breakdown of ______. | Nucleic Acid. |
| Hemostasis | the stopping of bleeding in a damaged blood vessel. |
| Vasospasm | Contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel wall. |
| Platelet Plug Formation | Platelets adhere to rough surfaces and collagen. |
| Platelet Plug Formation is effective in_____injuries to blood vessels. | small |
| Coagulation is a.... | Blood Clot! |
| A blood clot is defined as... | an injury to a blood vessel initiates an increase in clotting factors that promote coagulation. |
| When blood clots, prothrombin is converted into______. | Thrombin |
| Thrombin breaks______into____. | Thrombin breaks fibrinogen into fibrin strands. |
| Fibrin strands join forming a ______structure which sticks to exposed injured tissue. | mesh-like (kind of like your brother's favorite shirt heeeyyy!) |
| Red blood cells and platelets are caught in this mesh-like structure forming a_____. | Blood Clot |
| Thrombus | a blood clot abnormally formed in a blood vessel. |
| Embolus is a fragment of a____. | Thrombus |
| An embolus will continue to move until it becomes lodged in a narrow portion of the lood vessel causing a blockage of____. | Blood Flow |
| An embolus in the heart causes a ____. | Acute Myocardial Infarction |
| An embolus in the lungs causes a ____. | Pulmonary Embolism |
| An Embolus in the brain causes a _____. | Cerebral Vascular Accident |
| Antigens | A substance that can stimulate the body to make antibodies. |
| Antibodies | A substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. (Proteins that attack non-self antigens.) |
| ABO Blood Group | the presence (or absence)of two major protein antigens (A and or B or neither) on red blood cell membranes. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| Systemic Circulation | the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. |
| distance-wise, this type of circluation is much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body except the lungs. | Systemic Circulation |
| The coronary circulatory system | provides a blood supply to the heart |
| There are four chambers in the heart they are: | left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. |
| As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the ____. | Aorta |
| The aorta is the largest___in the body. | artery |
| The blood leaving the aorta is full of____. | oxygen. |
| On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of____ . | veins |
| The heart's right side receives dark bluish blood from the_____and____vena cava. | superior and inferior vena cava. |
| The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood back from the _____ part of the body. | upper |
| The inferior vena cava is the vein that brings blood from the_____body | lower |
| The bright red oxygenated blood returns to the heart's_____side. | left |
| Then the oxygenated blood is pumped out into a large artery called the_____to be distributed by smaller arteries to all parts of the body | aorta |
| The four heart valves are: | 1.Tricuspid valve2.Pulmonary (pulmonic) valve3.Mitral valve4.Aortic valve |
| During each heartbeat, typically about_____of blood are pumped out of the heart. | 60 to 90 ml (about 2 to 3 oz) |
| Blood consists of three types of cells: | 1.oxygen-bearing red blood cells2. disease-fighting white blood cells3. blood-clotting platelets |
| Arteries have_____walls than veins to withstand the pressure of blood being pumped from the heart | thicker |
| Septum | – the muscular wall separating the chambers of the heart |
| Vena Cava | the largest vein |
| The contraction of the heart is called | systole |
| The relaxation of the heart is called | diastole |
| Granulocytes | are a category of white blood cells characterised by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. |
| Granulocytes or PMN are released from the | bone marrow by the regulatory complement proteins |
| the most abundant type of phagocyte | Neutrophils |
| How long do neutrophils live? | they live approximately five days |
| Eosinophils play a crucial part in the killing of | parasites |
| Basophils are | one of the least abundant cells in bone marrow and blood (occurring at less than two percent of all cells). |
| Agranulocytes are | a category of white blood cells characterised by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm. |
| There are two types of agranulocytes | Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
| The blood has three types of lymphocytes: | B cells, T cells and natural killer cells |
| Monocytes | they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed |
| Vitamin K will increase synthesis of... | prothrombin (helps blood clot) |
| Define Myocardium... | Heart muscle |
| Arteries and Veins have __ layers of tissue | 3 |
| True or False: You LOVE TRADOC | YARRRR!!!! Health and Welfare YARRRR!!! |
| Blood Pressure is the highest when______the heart. | Exiting |
| Blood Pressure is lowest when ______ the heart. | Returning To |
| The Erythrocyte is responsible for transporting___and___. | Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide |
| Neutrophil is the ____defense. | Immune |
| Eosinophil defends the body against____. | Parasytic Defense |
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