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HIS Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Beringia | land bridge connecting Asia and North America that is now submerged beneath the Bering sea |
| Agricultural Revolution | the gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7000 to 9000 years ago |
| Eastern Woodland Cultures | term given to indians from the northeast region who lived on the atlnatic coast and supplemented farming with season hunting and gathering |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, culture and disease between Europe and the Americas from first contact throughout the era of exploration |
| Conquistadores | sixteenth |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | treating neogitated by the pop in 1491 to resolve competing land claims of Spain and Portugal in the New World. It divided the world along a north |
| Encomienda system | an exploitative labor system designed by Spanish rulers to reward conquistadores in the New World by granting them local villages and control over native labor |
| Virgin of Guadalupe | religious figure who served as a powerful symbol of Mexican nationalism in wars for independence against Spain |
| Coureurs de bois | forest runners |
| Protestant reformation | sixteenth |
| Joint-stock company | business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commercial trading activity and funding for sustaining colonies |
| House of Burgesses | an elective representative assembly in the colony of virginia. It was the first example of representative government in the English colonies. |
| Headright | system of land distribution in which settlers were granted a fifty |
| Indentured Servants | individuals who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of boat transport to America. Indentured servitude was the dominant form of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before slavery. |
| Mayflower Compact | agreement among the pilgrims aboard the mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at the Plymouth colony |
| Puritans | members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from popular religious practices |
| Great Migration | migration of 16,000 puritan men and women from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630s |
| Antinomianism | religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess no specific provision for the protection of natural and civil rights |
| Quakers | members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, that rejected formal theology and stressed each person's "inner light," a spiritual guide to righteousness |
| Yeoman | southern small landholders who owned no slaves, and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. These farmers were self |
| Indentured servants | individuals who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of boat transport to America. Indentured servitude was the dominant form of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before slavery. |
| Royal African Company | Slaving company created to meet colonial planters' demands for black laborers. |
| Mercantilism | an economic theory that shaped imperial policy throughout the colonial period, mercantilism was built on the assumption that the world's wealth was a fix supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favo |
| Enumerated goods | certain essential raw materials produced in the North American colonies, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice specified in Navigation Acts, which stipulated that these goods could be shipped only to England or its colonies. |
| Navigation Acts | a series of commercial restrictions passed by parliament intended to regulate colonial commerce in such a way as to favor England's accumulation of wealth. |
| Bacon's Rebellion | an armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colony's royal governor Sir William Berkeley. Although some of his followers called for an end of a special privilege in government, Bacon was chiefly interested in gaining a larger share |
| Metacomet | Wampanoag chief, also known as King Philip, who declared war against the colonies in 1675 |
| Dominion of New England | incorporation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode island, Plymouth, New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire under a single appointed royal governor that lasted from 1686 |
| Glorious Revolution | replacement of James II by William and Mary as English monarchs in 1688, marking the beginnings of constitutional monarchy in Britain. American colonists celebrated this moment as a victory for the rule of law over despotism. |
| Spectral evidence | in the Salem witch trials, the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil's agent to be introduced as testimony. The accused had no defense against this kind of "evidence." When the judges later disallowed this |
| Backcountry | in the eighteenth century, the edge of settlement extending from western Pennyslvania to Georgia. This region formed the second frontier as settlers moved westward from the Atlantic coast into the nation's interior. |
| Middle ground | a geographical area where two distinct cultures met and merged with neither bolding a clear upper hand. |
| Enlightenment | philosophical and intellectual movement that began in Europe during the eighteenth century. It stressed the application of reason to solve social and scientific problems. |
| Consumer revolution | period between 1740 and 1770 when English exports to the American colonies increase by 360 percent due to Americans' increased buying behavior. |
| Great Awakening | widespread evangelical religious revival movement of the mid |
| Itenerant preachers | traveling revivalist ministers of the Great Awakening movement. These charismatic preachers spread revivalism throughout America. |
| Albany Plan | plan of intercolonial cooperation proposed by prominent colonists including Benjamin Franklin at a conference in Albany, NY in 1754. The plan envisioned the formation of a Grand Council of elected delegates from the colonies that would have powers to tax |
| Seven Years' War | worldwide conflict that pitted Britain against France for control of North America. With help from the American colonists, the British won the war and eliminated France as a power on the North American continent. Also known in America as the French and I |
| Peace of Paris of 1763 | treaty ending the French and Indian War, which marked the beginning of Great Britain's expansion of its empire outside of Europe. |
| Whigs | in mid |
| Parliamentary sovereignty | principle that emphasized the power of Parliament to govern colonial affairs as the preeminent authority |
| Loyalists | throughout the conflict with Great Britain, many colonists sided with the king and Parliament. Also called Tories, these people feared that American liberty might promote social anarchy |
| Stamp act of 1765 | Placed a tax on newspapers and printed matter produced in the colonies, causing a mass political movement among colonists |
| Stamp Act Congress | meeting of colonial delegates in New York City in October 175 to protest the Stamp Act, a law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in America. The delegates drafted petitions denouncing the Stamp Act and other taxes imposed on Americans without colonial |
| Boston Massacre | a violent confrontation between British troops and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770. Five citizens were killed when the troops fired into the crowd. The incident inflamed anti |
| Committee of correspondence | vast communication network formed in Massachusetts and other colonies to communicate grievances and provide colonists with evidence of British oppression |
| Boston Tea Party | Foray on British ships in which Patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians threw hundreds of chests of tea into Boston Harbor as a means of protesting British taxes and the involvement of the East Indian Company |
| Coercive Acts of 1774 | Also known as the Intolerable Acts, the four pieces of legislation passed by Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party that were meant to punish the colonies |
| First Continental Congress | a meeting of delegates from twelve colonies in Phialdephia in 1774, the Congress denied Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies, condemned British actions toward the colonies, created the Continental Association, and endorsed a call to take |
| Second Continental Congress | This meeting took place in Philadelphia in May 1775, in the midst of rapidly unfolding military events. It organized the Continental Army and commissioned George Washington to lead it, then began requisitioning men and supplies for the war effort |
| Common Sense | Revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine in January 1776. In called for independence and the establishment of a republican government in America. |
| Yorktown | Tobacco market located on a peninsula bounded by the York and James rivers, where Cornwallis based operations |
| Treat of Paris of 1783 | Agreement signed between American delegates and Great Britain that ended the American Revolution and also transferred territory east of the Mississippi River, except for Spanish Florida, to the new republic |
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