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Wld. Geo Ch 20
Russia
Term | Definition |
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Tundra | a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen. |
Taiga | the sometimes swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes, especially that between the tundra and steppes of Siberia and North America. |
Steppe | a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia. |
Chernozem | a fertile black soil rich in humus, with a lighter lime-rich layer beneath. Such soils typically occur in temperate grasslands such as the Russian steppes and North American prairies. |
Permafrost | a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions. |
Loam | a fertile soil of clay and sand containing humus. |
Regolith | the layer of unconsolidated rocky material covering bedrock. |
Soviet | an elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union. |
Czar | an emperor of Russia before 1917: |
Abdicate | renounce one's throne |
Glasnost | the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information in the former Soviet Union |
Perestroika | the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system |
Ruble | the basic monetary unit of Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union, equal to 100 kopeks. |
Black Market | illegal traffic or trade in officially controlled or scarce commodities |
Command Economy | an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. |