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Immune 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymphoid Structures | Bone marrow(Illiac sternum) Thymus gland Lymph nodes Spleen(composed of red&white pulp,filters the blood) Tonsils(Immune for Resp.) Appendix Peyer’s patches |
| Immune Cells | Lymphocytes B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes |
| Lymphocytes | B-lymphocytes(bone marrow) T-lymphocytes(thymus) |
| Types of Immunity | Innate—nonspecific(Natural Immunity,present at birth) Acquired—specific(happens after you have been exposed to an antigen,immunizations,vaccines) |
| Acquired Immunity | Active Acquired Immunity Passive Acquired Immunity |
| Active Acquired Immunity | immunization Takes time to develop but long term |
| Passive Acquired Immunity | immune globulins/gamma-globulins Immediate but short term(passed through placenta from mother) |
| Hypersensitivity Reactions | Allergies(b-Lymphocytes) Anaphylaxis Cytotoxic (b-Lymphocytes) Immune Complex Mediated (b-Lymphocytes) Delayed Hypersensitivity (t-lymphocytes) |
| Allergic Reactions | Sneezing,itchy eyes,runny/congested nose, swollen sinuses,coughing,wheezing Common allergens include the waste products from dust mites,proteins found in pet dander,saliva and urine, molds in&out of your home,tree,grass&weed pollen,&roach droppings |
| Other possible substances that can cause allergic reactions include, | venom from insect stings, certain foods, food additives, natural rubber latex, or drugs. |
| Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactic Shock | Occurs suddenly Check and maintain airway – can go from mild SOB to full blown stridor Recognize s/s quickly – Rash? Swelling? Itching on chest, throat? |
| Cytotoxic or Cytolytic Reactions | Blood transfusion reactions ABO incompatibilities Rh incompatibilities |
| Clinical manifestations of cytotoxic reactions; | Hematuria Acute renal failure Bleeding |
| Immune Complex Mediated Reactions | Autoimmune disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE) Plasmapheresis |
| Autoimmunity; Theories of causation | Genetic susceptibility Initiation of autoreactivity |
| Delayed Hypersensitivity | Cell mediated immune response Contact dermatitis Hypersensitivity reactions to bacterial, fungal and viral infections Transplant rejections SOME drug sensitivities |
| Factors Affecting Immune Response | Age Metabolism Emotional stress Hormones Environment/lifestyle Nutrition |
| Diagnostic Studies | CBC w/WBC diff Skin tests RAST(radioallergosorbent test)blood test. RAST can be performed when a skintest(the more common allergy test)cannot be done due to a skin problem.Both are highly specific,but a skintest is less expensive&produces imediate resu |
| Review lab and diagnostic tests for acute injury/inflammation | Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) C-reactive protein (CRP) WBC Differential |
| WBC… what’s the diff? | Neutrophils 50-75%,Basophils 0-2%,Eosinophils 0-6%,Monocytes 1- 10%,Lymphocytes 20-50%,All are decreased in viral infections |
| Neutrophils 50-75% | Increased in infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, tumor |
| Basophils 0-2% | Increase is rare – happens with allergies |
| Eosinophils 0-6% | Increase with allergies & parasites |
| Monocytes 1- 10% | Increase with acute & chronic infection |
| Lymphocytes 20-50% | Decrease in overwhelming illness, Increase with acute & chronic infection |
| Inflammation | When damage to tissue occurs, the body's immunologic response to the damage is inflammation. |
| Purpose of Inflammation | Isolate, neutralize and remove cause Clear debris Initiate healing and repair |
| Inflammatory response | Movement of blood/fluid into injured area promotes healing Problem when edema impedes tissue perfusion Anti-inflammatory medications |
| Assessment of the client with an acute injury/inflammation | Redness Heat Pain Swelling Loss of function |
| Infection | A disease caused by an invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms |
| Basic Infection | Local Systemic |
| Systemic Infection | Bacteremia Sepsis |
| Chain of events… | Virulence Mode of Transmission Access to host Direct contact Inhalation Ingestion - Gastrointestinal system |
| Mode of Transmission | Direct or indirect contact Airborne droplets (TB) Vector (Lyme disease) |
| Access to host | Inhalation Ingestion Direct contact Penetration |
| Direct contact | Some pathogens can live on hard surface Bedrails Tables Person to person contact Sexually transmitted diseases Maternal to child transmission during childbirth Herpes HIV Skin breaks - burns, bites, surgery |
| Inhalation - Respiratory tract | Cilia remove microorganisms from lungs Coughing removes microorganisms from lower respiratory tract Enzymes & alveolar macrophages destroy most respiratory pathogens Smoking interferes with action |
| Ingestion - Gastrointestinal system | Contaminated food, water is most common vector Low gastric pH, enzymes, peristalsis & intestinal flora protect normally GI tract Medications that decrease gastric acid increase risk of infections |
| Assessment Infection | Vital to check the vital signs when infection is suspected! Temp, pulse, and respirations may all increase Mild fever is good defense system If very young/old or immune system is compromised, need to treat STAT! |
| Factors that Increase Susceptibility to Infection | Age Nutrition Medication Radiation Burns Trauma Surgery Stress Cancer Chronic illness |
| Antibiotics | Bactericidal: kill bacteria Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria, rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead to bacterial death |
| Selection of Antibiotics | Identification of the Infecting Organism Determination of Drug Susceptibility Gram stain + or - allows best choice of initial therapy Culture - identification of the actual organism Sensitivity - what drug will BEST kill the organism |
| Clients with Communicable Disease – Isolation Precautions | Standard Precautions Airborne Precautions Droplet Precautions Contact Precautions |
| Viral Infections | Competent immune system: Best response to viral infections A well-functioning immune system will eliminate or effectively destroy virus replication |
| Viral Infections | Immunocompromised patients have frequent viral infections Cancer patients, especially leukemia or lymphoma Transplant patients, due to pharmacologic therapy AIDS patients, disease attacks immune system |
Created by:
LauraHall
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