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AP Human Geo Ch.1
AP Human Geography Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scop | globalization |
| how has globalization become easier | technology and transportation have improved |
| what is a positive aspect of globalization | we get new things that we wouldn't have otherwise |
| what is a negative aspect of globalization | we have to rely on other countries to make neccesities that we need and if something happens in that country we don't have what we need |
| one way people are searching for more ways to express their unique cultural traditions and economic practices is called what | local diversity |
| what are the two branches of geography | human geography and physical geography |
| how do geographers describe where things are | using maps |
| number of people compared to size | population density |
| a 2-D or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it | map |
| a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic; every place occupies a unique location, or position,on Earth's surface | point |
| the science of map making | cartography |
| used to navigate or locate places | reference map |
| designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area | thematic map |
| changes colors | choropleth map |
| a map where the size of the countries are equal to whatever is being measured | cartogram |
| mental map | cognitive map |
| large scale map has _______________________ | more detail |
| small scale maps have _______________ | less detail and larger views |
| gives you a ratio | ratio scale |
| no numbers | written scale |
| use the picture | graphic scale |
| graphic scales are different from ratio scales because graphic scales don't show you a ratio | |
| what is the most accurate way to represent Earth | globe |
| spherical shape of Earth causes cartographers problems | disortion |
| the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map | projection |
| what are the 3 most common types of map projections | -equal area/ gall peters projection -robinson projection -mercator projection |
| advantages & disadvantages of the equal area projection | keeps area but shape is wrong |
| advantages & disadvantages of the robinson projection | bends easier on projection |
| advantages & disadvantages of the mercator projection | up close not as distorted & preserves shape area gets distorted near poles |
| what are 3 contemporary geography tools | GPS (global positioning system) Remote Sensing GIS (geographic information system) |
| the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it | remote sensing |
| the position that something occupies on earth's surface | location |
| the name given to a place on earth | toponym |
| 5 ways places are named | ~named after people (Washington D.C.) ~named with religious association (St. Louis) ~named from history (Athens, Rome) ~named for the origins of the settlers (New York) ~named for physical environment (West Yellowstone, MT) |
| physical character of the place | site |
| what is important in selecting location for settlement | climate, water sources, topography, soil vegetation, latitude, and elevation |
| location of a place relative to other places | situation |
| location of any place can be described precisely by using latitude and longitude | mathematical location |
| latitude | parallels |
| longitude | meridians |
| 0 degrees longitude, runs through Greenwich, England | prime meridian |
| 0 degrees latitude | equator |
| what are the 3 types of regions | formal, functional, vernacular |
| an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics | formal region |
| an area organized around a node of focal point | functional region |
| a place that people believe to exists as part of their cultural identity; emerge from people's informal sense of space | vernacular region |
| example of a formal region | Louisiana, climate zones |
| example of a functional region | Baton Rouge, TV station & broadcast area |
| what people think | vernacular region |
| regions can be constructed to encompass an area of widely varying scale, from a very small portion of Earth to a very large portion | Spatial Association |
| different conclusions can be made concerning a regions characteristics depending on its __________________________ | scale |
| what is Tobler's first law of geography | everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things |
| what is distance decay and what kind of correlation does it have | the closer you are the more interaction you have; distance decay is a negative correlation |
| what is a positive correlation | as one thing increases, the other does too |
| what is a negative correlation | as one thing increases, the other decreases |
| what is time-space convergence/compression and what has influenced it | we are coming together more than we are separating; technology and transportation have influenced time-space compression |
| what is made easier for people because the scale of the world is shrinking | it is easier for people from different places to interact |
| most economic activities undertaken in one region are influenced by the ______________________________ with _____________________________ located elsewhere | interaction; decision makers |
| no distinct place anymore | placelessness |
| strong determination to hang onto local culture can cause ______________________ for people with other __________________, _____________________, and material traits | intolerance; beliefs; social forms |
| people residing in different places are displaying fewer ____________________________ and more ___________________________ in their cultural preferences | differences; similarities |
| what comes from forces promoting both globalization and preservation(local diversity) | tension |
| geographers think about the arrangement of people and activities found in _________________ and try to understand WHY those people and activities are __________________________ across space as they are | space; distributed |
| "the 'why' of where" | spatial thinking |
| the most fundamental skill that geographers possess to understand the arrangement of objects across surfaces | spatial thinking |
| who compared geography's concern for space to history's concern for time | Immanuel Kant |
| why do geographers organize material spatially | they understand that an action at one point in space can result from something happening at another point |
| why are places similar and different | distribution |
| what are the 3 main properties of distribution | density, concentration, and pattern |
| the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area | density |
| what are the 3 types of density | arithmetic density (population density), physiological density, agricultural density |
| the country's total population divided by its area. large population does not mean large density- density considers population AND land area | arithmetic density (population density) |
| the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture | physiological density |
| the number of farmers per unit area of farmland | agricultural density |
| extent of a feature's spread over space | concentration |
| objects close together | clustered |
| objects far apart | dispersed |
| geographers use concentration to describe changes in distribution | |
| the geometric arrangement of objects in space | pattern |
| objects are frequently arranged in a square or rectangle pattern | |
| why kind of pattern do many American cities have | grid |
| process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time | diffusion |
| how are ideas diffused rapidly today | communications and transportation |
| place from which an innovation originates | hearth |
| spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another | relocation diffusion |
| spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process | expansion diffusion |
| spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places | hierarchical diffusion |
| rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population | contagious diffusion |
| spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse | stimulus diffusion |
| a 2-D or flat representation of Earth's surface | map |
| the science of map making | cartography |
| give an example of early map-making and the unusual materials used for the map | Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets |
| who first demonstrated that the Earth was round and how | Martin Waldseemuller made the first map that had the label America so it proved that there was another side of the world |
| who first used the term 'geography" | Eratosthenes |
| what were 3 of Eratosthenes' contributions to geography | -prepared one of the earliest maps -credited with dividing the world into meridians -created accurate computation of Earth's circumference |
| provide examples of development in geography for the chinese | Pei Xiu the "father of Chinese cartography" produced an elaborate map of China in A.D. 267 |
| provide examples of development in geography for the Muslims | Muhammd al- larisi prepared a world map and geography in text in 1154 |
| provide examples of development in geography for the Age of Discovery | -first map to show the Western Hemisphere with the label America (Martin Waldseemuller 1520) -Abraham Ortelius created the first modern atlas (1527-1598) |
| the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole | scale |
| what is the advantage of a map that shows only a small portion of the Earth's surface | you get a lot more details about the area you are looking at |
| what advantage does a map that shows the entire globe have | can effectively communicate processes and trends that affect everyone |
| all projections have some sort of distortion- list the four things that typically become distorted in various projections and explain the distortion | -shape -relative size -distance -direction |
| what are the advantages and disadvantages of using the Robinson projection | advantages- useful for displaying information across oceans disadvantages- by allocating space to the oceans the land areas are much smaller |
| what are the advantages and disadvantages of using the Mercator projection | advantages- shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, map is rectangular disadvantages- grossly distorted towards the poles making high latitude places look much larger than they really are |
| With regard to the Land Ordinance of 1785, the official survey system for the United States , define township and section | township: an area of land that was divided into squares with six miles on each side and then was divided into 36 sections sections: 1 square mile of land that could be subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators |
| the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planets from other long distance methods | remote sensing |
| what is the smallest area on the surface of the Earth that can be scanned as a single pixel | 1 meter across |
| geographers use GIS to store "layers" of data- give 4 examples of types of data stored in a single layer | -boundaries of countries -bodies of water -roads -names of places |
| the name given to a place on Earth | toponym |
| identify 4 ways in which places can receive names | -person -religion -ancient history -earlier occupants of the place |
| identify 3 reasons for which places sometimes change names | -offensive place names -racial connotations -ethnic connotations |
| the physical character of a place | site |
| list some characteristics of site | climate, soil, elevation, vegetation, latitude, topography, water sources |
| human actions can __________________________ the characteristics of a site | modify |
| the location of a place relative to other places | situatuion |
| what role do familiar places have understanding situation of unfamiliar places | comparing locations of unfamiliar places to familiar places |
| what place is designed as 0 degrees longitude | Greenwich, England |
| what is the name for the line drawn at 0 degrees latitude | equator |
| how is each degree of longitude or latitude further subdivided | each degree is divided into 60 minutes (') and each minute is divided into 60 seconds (") |
| how many degrees of longitude do you need to travel across to pass through one "hour" of time (or one time zone) | 15 degrees |
| how many time zones are there | 24 |
| where and why were standard time zones first adopted | first adopted in the United States to avoid confusion of the railroad when it traveled through many time zones when used for transportation |
| what is the longitude of the International Date Line | 180 degrees |
| an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics | region |
| one contemporary approach to studying landscape is called the regional studies approach- what do geographers who adopt this view believe regarding regions | cultural landscape is an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group |
| geographers using the regional studies approach argue that the distinctive landscapes of different regions result from what 2 things | social relationships and physical processes |
| an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics ex: countries or local government units | formal region (uniform region) |
| an area organized around a node or focal point ex: reception area of a TV station | functional region (nodal region) |
| an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity ex: tri-city area of Batavia, Geneva | vernacular region (perceptual region) |
| how does a geographer conclude that 2 (or more) phenomena are "spatially associated" meaning that they have some sort of cause and effect relationship | by integrating other spatial information about people, activities, and environments |
| what 2 meanings of culture do geographers study | what people take care of and what people care about |
| a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships | cultural ecology |
| a 19th & early 20th century approach to the study of geography that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences | environmental determinism |
| the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions but people have the ability to change them | possibilism |
| what are the types of climates geographers identify (by letter and name) | A:tropical climates B:dry climates C: warm mid-latitude climates D: cold mid-latitude climates E: polar climates |
| in what major way does climate influence human activities | it influences where people decide to settle; humans have a limited tolerance for extreme temperatures and precipitation levels |
| list the 4 major biomes, or major plant communities found naturally on Earth | forest biome, savanna biome, grassland biome, desert biome |
| what are the 2 major problems geographers are concerned with as far as soil is concerned | erosion and depletion of nutrients |
| how has modern technology played a role in gloabalization | -it has made communication and transportation easier -it has "closed the gap" between countries |
| in what ways is globalization of culture manifested in the landscape- provide an example | by cultural beliefs ex:fast food companies having the same appearance in different countries |
| in what ways has the communications revolution played a role in globalization- provide an example | promotes globalization of culture, but also permits preservation of cultural diversity ex: TV channls |
| provide an example of a reaction against globalism and globalization | people starting riots over new trends because they don't want their culture to fade away |
| the ____________________ of a feature in _______________________ is known as its distribution | arrangement; space |
| the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area | density |
| the country's total population divided by its area. large population does not mean large density- density considers | arithmetic density |
| the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture | physiological density |
| the number of farmers per unit area of farmland | agricultural density |
| the spread of something over a given area | concentration |
| list the two different types of pattern given in the text | geometric pattern and irregular pattern |
| what role does gender play in geograpahy | activities that people participate in depend on gender ex: ball fields are more likely to be used by boys and take up more space than dance studios in a community |
| in what way does ethnicity play a role in geography | areas designated to appear to or repel to cultural groups ex: bar that appeals to whites may repel a person of color |
| in what way does sexual orientation play a role in geography | homosexuals may be drawn to a place to reinforce spatial interaction with other gays ex: communities of Gay couples |
| the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communication and transportation systems | space-time compression |
| in the past most interaction between places required what | physical movement of settlers, explorers and technology |
| give some examples of things that retard interaction among groups | -unequal access to electronics -oceans and deserts |
| describe the phenomenon known as distance-decay | the farther away someone is from another, the less likely they are to interact, so as contact diminishes with increasing distance it eventually disappears |
| what type of diffusion is this: when something originates at a hearth and diffuses from there ex:political features in the United States came primarily from Europe | hearth |
| what type of diffusion is this: the spread of an idea through physical movement of people ex: primary language in the United States is English because the Europeans who migrated here spoke English | relocation diffusion |
| what type of diffusion is this: spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority ex: hip-hop or rap music | hierarchical diffusion |
| what type of diffusion is this: rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population | contagious diffusion |
| what type of diffusion is this: the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse ex: innovative features of iPhones | stimulus diffusion |
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