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APUSHCH2
chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Feudalism? | The division of land into small areas owned by powerful landlords who commanded labor and tribute from the peasants. |
| Why did Spanish begin colonizing in the South West? | Although there was no gold, there were harvests of converts available for Christianity for Franciscan missionaries. Indians were also laborers. |
| The Catholic Church dominated Europe, how'd this change things in Europe? How were non-Catholics treated? | The church religiously unified Europe. It persecuted nonbelievers. Jews were isolated but found success as merchants. |
| Why were Venica, Genoa, and Pisa the catalysts for the Renaissance? | Because of its location. |
| What commodities did Italian traders bring to Europe? | The silk and spice trades of Asia to Italian merchants. |
| Crusaders | An attempt by the Catholic Church to regain Palestine from muslins. |
| What were Francis Bacon's "greatest invention known to man"? And from where? | Compass, gunpowder, and the art of printing with moveable type form. Eastern Asia. |
| Humanism | a revolt against religious authority in which the secular took precedence over the purely religious. |
| How did Islamic civilization advance the Renaissance? | It reintroduced Europeans to the learning of Greece and Rome, which was essential for the Renaissance in the 14-16th centuries. |
| Lisbon in Portugese exploration? | The principle port on the sea route between the Mediterranean and north western Europe. A bustling cosmopolitan city with large enclaves of Italian merchants. |
| Prince Henry in Portugese exploration? | "The Navigator" Established Sagres Point in spirit of the Renaissance. |
| Sagres Point in Portugese exploration? | Institute on the South western tip of Portugal that Prince Henry established. |
| Gold Coast in Portugese exploration? | Portuguese founded bases for lucrative gold and slave trade. |
| Impact of Ottoman Turks capture of Constantinople? | They closed the overland silk and spice and silk routes. Italian merchants of Lisbon pressed the Portuguese crown to sponsor the expedition that would establish an ocean route to the Indies. |
| Vasco De Gama | Succesor of Admiral Bartlome's. Reached India 10 years after Constantinople's capture. |
| Where do Portugese elect strategic trading forts? | Along the coasts of Africa, India, Indonesia, and China. It gained most control of the asian Spice trade. |
| How did Columbos's wrong calculations of distance to Indies benefit Spain and immortalize Columbus? | Columbus gets lost and finds the Americas. Benefits Spain because Portugese, French, and English rejected Columbus leaving him to Spain who accepted his ideas and ends up gaining the land he found. |
| How was Columbus commercial interest for his voyage also imperialistic? | His prime goals included occupying and settling any islands not under the control of another monarch, claiming title for Spain by right of conquest. |
| Tainos? | The native people of the Caribbean dressed in bright and little ornaments of gold. |
| Columbus? | Turned out to be gold crazy and caused the collapse of the Tainos. Without them, the colony went into depression, and Columbus was jailed and put in prison by Spanish Monarchs. |
| Mundus Novus? | "A New World" Amerigo Vespucci of Florence. Named it, "America" after him. |
| Why would the New World be named for Vespucci? | He voyaged to the Caribbeans and was first to describe the New World. European geographers honored his insights and named it America. |
| Encomienda | Created to protect the Indians but actually made them like slaves. |
| Invasion of America? | Armed men marched across the Caribbean islands, plundering villages, slaughtering men, raping women. They raided Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and later Cuba. |
| Aztec | Great City of Tenochtitlan was built by them. One of the largest cities. Powerful state. |
| How did disease help the Spanish? | Smallpox killed thousands of Aztecs and undermined their ability to resist. |
| Hernan Cortez | A veteran from the conquest of Cuba. He over throws the Aztec Empires and unmercifully plunders them. |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital in a marshy lake district. One of the biggest cities in the world. |
| Successes of Native Americans had fighting against the Spanish? | The Natives of the otuermost Islands (carib.) successfully defended homelands until the end of the 16th century. In Northern Mexico the nomadic tribe Chichimecs proved difficult to subdue. |
| Antionio de Montesinos and Bartlome de la Casas? | Protested again subjugation of the Indians. Antonio condemned violence in a sermon to colonist in Hispaniola. Bartolomes was a priest that had participated in the plunder of Cuba but suffered conscience crisis. |
| Virgin Soil Epidemic | Devastating outbreaks of disease striking for the first time against a completely unprotected population. |
| Intercontinental Exchange? | Vast influx into Europe of the precious metals plundered by the Aztecs and Incas. Silver from mines the Spanish discovered and operated in Mexico. Peru triples amount of coins circulating. |
| Miracle crops? | Maize (corn) and potatoes. |
| What spices came from New World? | Tobacco, vanilla, and chocolate. |
| Why would Spain lose interest in the South West? | Disappointed by Pueblo towns made out of stone, mud of cibola, but found no gold and no cities and were rudely fashioned. |
| Ponce De Leon | Governor of Puerto Rico and was the first Spanish conquistador to attempt conquest on North America. |
| Cabeza de Vaca | A castaway that published stories about Cibola. |
| Hernando de Soto | Veteran of the conquest of Peru and first Spanish expedition. |
| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | Francisco Vasquez de Coronada led 300 Spaniard horsemen and infantry and led the second expedition disappointed by the Pueblos. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas? | Divided the Americas between Portugal and Spain and allowed the Portugese to colonize Brazil. |
| Mestios, Mulattos? | Mixed ancestry |
| How were Spanish colonies governed? | Empire operated in theory as a high centralized and bureaucratic system. |
| Council of Indies | In Spain |
| The Grand Banks | Off the coast of New Found Land which has abundant cod |
| "Northwest Passage" | Captain Cartier failed to find a Northwest Passage to the Indies. Reconnoitered the St. Lawrence River which led deep into continental interior to Great Lakes with easy access to Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Established France's imperial claim to Canada. |
| French Fur Trade | Traded Indians for fur with textiles, glass, copper, and ironware for their fur and furcoats. Filled an important demand and produced high profits. |
| Renaissance Period? | The revival of interest in classical antiquity. sparks the period of intellectual and artistic flowering in Europe during 14th, 15th, 16th centuries. It was human centered perspective and motivated exploration of Americas. |
| How was the Protestant Reformation initiated? | Martin Luther's challenges to the Catholic Church called for a return to what he understood to be the purer practices and believes of the early Church. |
| Martin Luther | German Priest that publicized his differences with Rome. Salvation is a gift, not related to doing works or services. |
| 95 Theses | Disputations of Power and efficiency of Indulgences, |
| Protestant Reformation? | Religious revolt against the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Protestanism | climate of widespread dissatisfaction with power and prosperity of the Catholic Church. |
| Predestination | God chose a small number of men and women for "election" or salvation while condemning the vast majority to eternal damnation. |
| Huguenots? | Calvin's followers in France who were concentrated among merchants and the middle class, and a portion of nobility opposed to the central authority of the Catholic monarch. |
| Frenchman John Calvin? | Fled to Switzerland and developed radical theology of predestination. Virtues of thrift, industry, sobriety, and personal responsibility were signs of elections and essential to Christian life. |
| Pope Leo X | Was born as Giovanni Di Lorenzo de Medici. Was Pope from 1513 to his death. Was against Martin Luther and prevented the Protestant Reformation. Took a lot of indulgences. |
| Acquinas | Faith would save you |
| Peace of Augsburg (1555) | Temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the Religious conflict arising from Reformation. People were able to choose Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism. |
| What happened to the Huguenots in St. Augustine? | They were killed by Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles. |
| Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles | Sent by Spanish crown as Captain General of the Indies to kill Huguenots. |
| Cod | New diet for Africans. New type of Import from Americas. |
| What motivated Henry VIII to bring England into the Reformation? | Resentment when the pope refused to grant him an annulment on his marriage with Catherine of Argon. |
| Bloody Mary | Henry VIII's daughter who took power after Edward (her half brother)'s death. She tried to reverse her father's reformation by martyring hundreds of English Protestants. |
| The Dutch Revolt | Revolt against Spanish Monarchy's power by the Dutch. Queen Elizabeth supported dutch. |
| Spanish Armada | Against Queen Elizabeth, punished England. |
| Mercantilism | Economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth. |
| "Favorable balance of trade" | Surplus from more exports with less imports. |
| How did English merchants benefit from favorable balance of trade? | Trade was increasing and they had colonies. |
| How'd the English crown benefit from favorable balance of trade? | More trade = More money = More Power |
| What are the advantages according to Richard Hakluyt that England would gain by creating American colonies? | Could provide bases from which to raid the Spanish Caribbean, outposts for an Indian market for English goods, plantations growing tropical products. Freeing long distance trade with Asia. |
| John Cabot | 1497, he explores the New Found Land. |
| What advantages did Elizabethan authorities consider important reasons for colonization in America? | There'd be homes for the "multitude of laterers and idle vagabonds" at England, colonies offered a solution to social dislocation and homelessness. |
| Sir Humphrey Gilbert | Sailed with ships from Plymouth and landed at St. John's Bay. New Found Land. He claimed the land for his queen but his effort came in naught when he was lost on his return voyage. |
| Sir Walter Raleigh/ Roanoke | Raligh established a colony on Roanoke but eventually failed when he came back to see most of the colonial people gone or cohabited and lived to the Indians way. |
| Requonquista | The long struggle during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim Occupiers. Isabel and Ferdinand, the monarchs of Castille and Aragon succeeded in conquering Iberia and ending the centuries' long struggle. |
| Protestants | All European supporters of religious reform under Charles Vs. Holy Roman Empire. |
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cardy
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