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Pharm 10-12Vocab
Pharmacology Chapters 10-12 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acute pain | sudden onset, usually subsides when treated. Typically occurs over less than a 6-week period |
| addiction | physioclogic dependence on a substance, usually resulting from habitual use, that is beyond normal voluntary control |
| adjuvant analgesic drugs | drugs that are added as a second drug for combined therapy with a primary drug and may have additive or independent analgesic properties, or both. |
| agonist | a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a response |
| agonist-antagonist | a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a partial response that is not as strong as that caused by an agonist |
| analgesic ceiling effect | what occurs when a given pain drug no longer effectively controls a patient's pain despite the administration of the highest safe dosages. |
| analgesics | medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness (sometimes referred to as painkillers) |
| antagonist | a drug that binds to a receptor and prevents (blocks) a response. |
| Cancer pain | Pain resulting from any of a variety of causes related to cancer and/or the metastasis of cancer |
| Central pain | pain resulting from any disorder that causes CNS damage |
| chronic pain | persistant or recurring pain that is often difficult to treat. Typically it is pain that lasts 3-6 months |
| gate theory | The most common and well-described theory of pain transmission and pain relief. It uses a gate model to explain how impulses from damaged tissues are sensed in the brain. |
| neuropathic pain | Pain that results from a disturbance of function or pathologic change in a nerve. |
| nonopiod analgesics | analgesics that are not classified as opiods. |
| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDS) | a large, chemically diverse group of drugs that are analgesics and also possess antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity but are not steroids. |
| opiate analgesic | natural narcotic drug containing or derived from opium that binds to opiate receptors in the brain to relieve pain. |
| opioid analgesics | synthetic narcotic drugs that bind to opiate receptors to relieve pain but are not themselves derived from the opium plant. |
| opioid-naïve | describes patients who are receiving opioid analgesics for the first time and who therefore are not accustomed to their effects. |
| opioid-tolerance | a normal physiologic condition that results from long-term opioid use, in which larger doses of opioids are required to maintain the same level of analgesia and in which abrupt discontinuation of the drug results in withdrawl symptoms |
| opioid-tolerant | opposite of opioid naïve; describes patients who have been receiving opioid analgesics (legally or otherwise) for an extended period of time and who are therefore at greater risk of opioid withdrawl syndrome upon sudden discontinuation of opioid use. |
| opioid withdrawal (opioid abstinence syndrome) | the signs and symptoms associated with abstinence from or withdrawal of an opioid analgesic when the body has become physically dependent on the substance. |
| pain | an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is a subjective and individual experience; it can be defined as whatever the person experiencing it say it is |
| pain threshold | the level of a stimuls that results in the perception of pain. |
| pain tolerance | the amount of pain a patient can endure without its interfering with normal function. |
| partial agonist | a drug that binds to a receptor and causes an activation response that is less than that caused by a full agonist. For all practical purposes, the terms mixed agonist and agonist-antagonist are synonymous with partial agonist |
| phantom pain | pain experienced in the area of a body part that has been surgically or traumatically removed. |
| physical dependence | the physical adaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid or other addictive substance |
| psychogenic pain | pain that is of psychologic origin but is actual pain in the sense that pain impulses travel through nerve cells. |
| psychologic dependence | a pattern of compulsive use of opioids or any other addictive substances characterized by a continuous craving for the substance and the need to use it for effects other than pain relief (also called addiction). |
| referred pain | pain occurring in an area away from the organ of origin |
| somatic pain | pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints. |
| special pain situation | general term for a pain control situation that is complex and whose treatment typically involves multiple medications, various health care personnel, and nonpharmacologic therapeutic modalities (e.g., massage, chiropractic care, surgery) |
| superficial pain | pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes. |
| vascular pain | pain that results from a pathology of the vascular or perivascular tissues. |
| visceral pain | pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles. |
| world health organization (WHO) | an international body of health care professionals, including clinicians and epidemiologists among many others, that studes and responds to health needs and trends worldwide. |
| adjunctive anesthetic drugs | drugs used in combination with anesthetic drugs to control the adverse effects of anesthetics or to help maintain the anesthetic state in the patient. |
| anesthesia | loss of the ability to feel pain, resulting from the administration of an anesthetic drug or other medical intervention. |
| anesthetics | drugs that depress the CNS to produce diminution(decline) of consciousness, loss of responsiveness to sensory stimulation, or muscle relaxation. |
| balanced anesthesia | the practice of using combinations of drugs rather than a single drug to produce anesthesia. A common combination is a mixture of a sedative-hypnotic, an antianxiety drug, an analgesic, an antiemetic, and an anticholinergic. |
| general anesthesia | a drug-induced state in which the CNS is altered to produce varying degrees of pain relief throughout the body as well as depression of consciousness, skeletal muscle relaxation, and diminished or absent reflexes. |
| general anesthetic | a drug that induces a state of anesthesia. Its effects are global in that they involve the whole body, with loss of consciousness being one of those effects. |
| local anesthesia | drugs that render a specific portion of the body insensitive to pain at the level of the peripheral nervous system, normally without affecting consciousness. Also called regional anesthetics. |
| malignant hyperthermia | a genetically-linked major adverse reaction to general anesthesia, characterized by a rapid rise in body temperature, as well as tachycardia, tachypnea, and sweating. |
| moderate sedation | a form of anesthesia induced by combinations of parenteral benzodiazepines and an opiate. It reduces anxiety, sensitivity to pain, and recall of the procedure (also called conscious sedation). |
| overton-meyer theory | a theory that describes the relationship between the lipid solubility of anesthetic drugs and their potency. It is often used to explain how anesthetic drugs are believed to work. |
| parenteral anesthetics | any anesthetic drugs that can be administered by injection via any route (e.g., intravenously, spinally/epidurally, as a local nerve block). Depending on the specific site of injection, the drug may anesthetize all or parts of the CNS |
| topical anesthetics | a class of local anesthetics that are applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes. They consist of solutions, ointments, gels, creams, powders, ophthalmic drops, and suppositories. |
| anxiolytic | a medication that relieves anxiety. |
| barbiturates | a class of drugs that are chemical derivatives of barbituric acid. They can induce sedation and sleep. |
| benzodiazepines | a chemical category of drugs most frequently prescribed as sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs. |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) | an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain. |
| hypnotics | drugs that, when given at low to moderate dosages, calm or soothe the CNS without inducing sleep but when given at high dosages may cause sleep. |
| non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep | one of the states of the sleep cycle. It characteristically has four stages and precedes REM sleep. Most of a normal sleep cycle consists of non-REM sleep. |
| rapid eye movement (REM) sleep | one of the stages of the sleep cycle. Some of the characteristics of REM sleep are rapid eye movement of the eyes, vivid dreams, and irregular breathing. |
| REM interference | a drug-induced reduction of REM sleep time |
| REM rebound | excessive REM sleep following discontinuation of a sleep-altering drug. |
| sedatives | drugs that have an inhibitory effect on the CNS to the degree that they reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability without causing sleep. |
| sedatives-hypnotics | drugs that can act in the body either as sedatives or as hypnotics. |
| sleep | a transient, reversible, and periodic state of rest in which there is a decrease in physical activity and consciousness. |
| sleep architecture | the structure of the various elements involved in the sleep cycle, including normal and abnormal patterns of sleep. |
| tachyphylaxis | the rapid appearance of a progressive decrease in response to a drug after repetitive administration of the drug. |
| therapeutic index | the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug. If the index is low, the difference between the therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations is small, and use of the drug is more hazardous. |
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cspearsall
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