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Ch. 9 A&P
Palestine - Ch. 9 Nervous (Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Includes the brain and spinal cord. | CNS - Central Nervous System |
| Is made up of all the nerves outside the CNS. | PNS - Peripheral Nervous System |
| Part of the PNS that carry impulses to and from the brain. | Cranial Nerves |
| Part of the PNS that carry messages to and from the spinal cord. | Spinal Nerves |
| Any tissue that carries out a nervous system command. (All of which are muscles or glands) | Effector |
| Controlled voluntarily (by conscious will), and all its effectors are skeletal muscles. | Somatic Nervous System |
| The nervous system's involuntary divisions is called the _______________. | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Another name for the Autonomic Nervous System is ___________________ b/c it controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and galnds, which make up most of the soft body organs, the viscera. | Visceral Nervous System |
| The two divisions of the ANS are the ______________ and the ___________________. They are based on organization and how each affects specific organs. | Pathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Techniques used to concoiusly sontrol involuntary functions such as BP, P, and RR. | Biofeedback |
| Neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body. (Most have a highly branched treelike appearance) | Dendrites |
| Dendrites func. as _______________ in the nervous system. That is, they receive the stimulus that begins a neural pathway. | Receptors |
| _________________are neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body. | Axons |
| Some axons are covered with a fatty material called ___________________ that insulates and protects the fiber. | Myelin |
| In the PNS, the myelin is produced by specialized protective cells called ________________ that wrap around the axon like a jelly roll depositing layers of myelin. | Schwann Cells |
| The Schwann cells' outermost membranes form a thin coating known as the __________________. This covering is part of the mechanism by which some peripheral nerves repair themselves when injured. | Neurilemma |
| What is the color of Myelin? | White (White matter) |
| Neurons that conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain are described as ________________, also called afferent neurons. | Sensory Neurons |
| Cells that carry impulses from the CNS out to muscles and glands are ___________________, also called efferent neurons. | Motor neurons |
| Neurons that relay information within the CNS are ___________________, also called central or association neurons. | Interneurons |
| A fiber bundle located within the PNS is a __________. | Nerve |
| A fiber bundle located within the CNS is a ________. They are locted both in the brain and in the spinal cord, where they conduct impulses to and from the brain. | Tract |
| The individual connective tissue layers that bound together nerves or tracts are organized into subdivisions called _______________. | Fascicles |
| The connective tissue layer that is around an individual fiber. | Endoneurium |
| The connective tissue layer that is around a fascicle. | Perineurium |
| The connective tissue layer that is around the whole nerve. | Epineurium |
| Cells that support and protect the neurons. "Glue" | Neuroglia, or glial cells |
| 5 Functions of the glial cells. | 1. Protect and nourish nervous tissue 2. Support nervous tissue and bind it to other structures3. Aid in repair of cells4. Act as phagocytes to remove pathogens and impurities5. Regulat the composition of fluids around and between cells |
| A verve impulse starts with a local reversal in the membrane potential caused by changes in the ion concentrations on either side. This sudden electrical change at the membrane is called an ____________________. | Action potential Ex. Na + K pump, nerves impulse |
| Sedden reversal of the charge on a cell membrane. | Depolarization |
| Sudden return to the ortiginal charge on a cell membrane following depolarization. | Repolarization |
| Neurons do not work alone; impulses must be transferred between neurons to convey information within the nervous sytem. The point of junction for transmitting the nerve impulse is the ________________. "to clasp" | Synapse |
| Information from one cell to another crosses a gap in the form of a chemical known as _________________. | Neurotransmitter (Reminder: They can cross with chemical or mechanical stimuli) |
| Name three neurotransmitters that function in the ANS. | Adrenaline, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), and Acetylcholine |
| Name three ways the neurotransmitter may be removed after its release into the symaptic cleft. | 1. It may slowly diffuse away from the synapse2. It may be destroyed rapidly by enzymes in the symaptic cleft.3. It may be taken back into the presymaptic cell to be used again, a process known as reuptake. |
| The bridge of gray matter that connects the right and left horns is the __________________. | Gray Commissure |
| In the center of the gray commissure that is a small channel, the __________________________, that contains cerbrospinal fluid, the liquid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord. | Central Canal |
| A narrow groove, the ___________________________, divides the right and left portions of the posterior white matter. | Posterior median sulcus |
| A deeper groove, the _____________________________, separates the right and left portions of the anterior white matter. | Anterior Median Fissure |
| Sensory (afferent) impulses entering the spinal cord are transmitted toward the brain in _____________________ of the white matter. | Ascending tracts |
| Motor (efferent) impulses traveling from the brain are carried in ___________________ toward the peripheral nervous system. | Descending tracts |
| A complete pathway through the nervous system (receiving, interpreting, and acting on both external and internal stimuli) from stumuls to response is termed a _________________. | Reflex arc |
| The end of a dendrite or some specialized receptor cell, as in a special sense organ, that detects a stimulus. | Receptor |
| A cell that transmits impulses toward the CNS. Sensory impulses enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord's gray matter. | Sensory neuron, or afferent neuron |
| Where impulses are coordinated and a response is organized. | CNS |
| A cell that carries impulses away form the CNS. Motor impulses leave the cord through the ventral horn of the spinal cord's gray matter. | Motor neuron, or afferent neuron |
| A muscle or a gland outside the CNS that carries out a response. | Effector |
| The ______________________, in which a muscle is stretched and responds by contracting, is one example of a spinal reflex. GIVE AN EXAMPLE | Stretch refles, Ex. Tapping the tendon below the kneecap (the patellar tendon), the muscle of the anterior thigh (quadriceps femoris) contracts, eliciting the knee-jerk reflex. |
| What procedure is used to remove a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the Nervous System for testing. | Lumbar Puncture |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| How are spinal nerves numbered? | According to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises. |
| Is the dorsal root attachment of a nerve sensory or motor? | Sensory |
| Is the ventral root attachment of a nerve sensory or motor? | Motor |
| The _________________supplies motor impulses to the neck muscles and receives sensory impulses from the neck and the back of the head. | Cervical plexus |
| The __________________ send numerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm, wirst, and hand. | Brachial plexus |
| The ____________________ supplies nerves to the pelvis and legs. The largest branch in this plexus is the sciatic nerve. | Lumbosacral plexus |
| The skin surface can be mapped into distinct regions that are supplied by a single spinal nerve. Each of these regions is called a _____________. | Dermatome |
| Motor neurons originating in the spinal cord with cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions, the thoracolumbar area. | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Motor pathways beginning in the craniosacral area, with fibers arising from cell bodies in the brainstem (midbrain and medulla) and the lower (sacral) part of the spinal cord. | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS with ganglia located in the celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric. | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS with ganglia located in or near the effector organ. | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS with adrenaline and noradrenaline; adrenergic as neurotransmitters. | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS with acetylcholine; cholinergic as neurotransmitters. | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS that responds to stress and controls the fight-or-flight response. | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Division of the ANS that reverses the fight-or-flight (stress) response and stimulates some activities. | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Dilation of the pupils of the eyes | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Constriction of the pupils of the eyes | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Stimulation of the sweat glands | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Inhibition of the digestive glands | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Stimulation of the digestive glands | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Increased HR and strength of beat | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Decreased HR | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Dilation of the bronchi of lungs | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Constriction of the bronchi of lungs | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Decreased contraction (parastalsis)of muscles of the digestive system | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Increased contraction of the muscles of the digestive system | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Decreased activity of the kidneys | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Relaxation of the urinary bladder | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Contraction and emptying of the urinary bladder | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Increased release of glucose of the liver | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Ejaculation of the penis | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Erection of the penis | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Stimulation of the adreanl medulla | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Dilation of the Blood Vessels of the skeletal muscles | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Constriction of the BV of the skeletal muscles | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Constriction of the BV of the skin | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Dilation of the BV of the respiratory system | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Constriction of the BV of the respiratory system | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Constriction of the BV of the digestive organs | Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:Dilation of the BV of the digestive organs | Parasympathetic |
| What does SLUDD stand for? | Salivation, lacrimation (tear formation), urination, digestion, defacation (pg. 205) |
Created by:
miller120304
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