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Food Elimination
Normal process by which we eliminate waste products from out bodies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal process by which we eliminate waste products from our bodies | bowel elimination |
| digests and absorbs nutrients in food; eliminates food waste products as feces | GI tract |
| begins digestion of carbohydrates; chewing turns food into a bolus | mouth |
| bolus travels through this to stomach; | esophagus |
| wavelike movement | peristalsis |
| relaxes to allow food to pass through and constricts to prevent acidic stomach contents from flowing back into esophagus | cardiac sphincter |
| stores food while it churns and mixes; mechanical breakdown of food; chemical digestion and secretion of HCl | stomach |
| how long is food in the stomach? | approx. 4 hours |
| food leaves the stomach as a liquid called? | chyme |
| most digestion/absorption occurs here; has 1 inch diameter and is 20 feet long; consists of 3 segments: duodenum, jejunum, ileum. | small intestine |
| c-shaped; 1 to 2 feet long; mixes chyme and adds enzymes; bile duct opens into intestine here | duodenum |
| coiled, midsection; 6 to 8 feet long; absorbs carbohydrates and proteins | jejunum |
| joins small intestine and large intestine; absorbs fats, bile salts, and some vitamins, minerals, and water | ileum |
| also called colon; 2.5 inch diameter and 5 to 6 feet long; contains 7 segments: cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus | large intestine |
| highly vascular, free of waste products until defacation | rectum |
| highly vascular; contains 2 sphincters: internal (involuntarily relaxes and opens) and external (voluntary control) | anus |
| distended blood vessels | hemorrhoids |
| internal and external anal sphincters relax, the rectum contracts, and peristalsis increases in sigmoid colon, propelling feces through anus | defecation |
| true or falsein older adults peristalsis, internal smooth muscle tone, perineal muscle tone, and spincter control decrease and influence bowel elimination | true |
| what are some nutrition related factors that influence bowel elimination? | irregular eating creates irregular bowel elimination; high fiber foods promote peristalsis and defecation; 6 to 8 glasses of water per day is needed for healthful bowel function, excess results in diarrhea and not enough results in constipation |
| what are some activity related factors that influence bowel elinination? | physical activity stimulates peristalsis and bowel elimination; sedentary people are likely to have weaker abdomianl muscles |
| how does pregnancy influence bowel elimination? | periods of nausea and vomiting causes fluid loss; growing uterus displaces intestines and progesterone slows intestinal motility; so constipation, irregular eating, decreased appetite can result |
| how does antacids influence bowel elimination? | slows peristalsis |
| how does aspirin and other NSAIDS influence bowel elimination? | irritate the stomach and can lead to ulceration of stomach or duodenum |
| how does antibiotics influence bowel elimination? | the result is often diarrhea |
| how does iron influence bowel elimination? | causes constipation |
| how does pain meds influence bowel elimination? | slows peristalsis and causes constipation |
| how does antimotility drugs influence bowel elimination? | slows peristalsis and is used for treatment of diarrhea |
| how does laxatives influence bowel elimination? | used to treat constipation; stimulates peristalsis |
| how does surgery and anesthesia influence bowel elimination? | general anesthesia slows bowel motility; surgery patients experience discomfort that affects mobility and this hinders GI motility and causes constipation |
| what are some other factors that influence bowel elimination? | position during defecation, psychological factors, stress, personal habits, and pain |
| occurs when too much water is absorbed from the stool | constipation |
| Poor diet, inadequate food intake, changes in diet, environmental factors, meds, immobility, and lack of knowledge about regualr bowel habits are causes of? | constipation |
| unrelieved constipation, unable to expel; may have liqid stool seeping around hardened mass | impaction |
| during an impaction bradycardia can occur if what is stimulated? | vagal nerve |
| frequent, watery stools | diarrhea |
| stress, intestianl infection, food allergies and intolerances, tube feedings, meds, disease and surgical alterations are causes of what? | diarrhea |
| involuntary passage of stool | incontinence |
| dilated blood vessels in anus, due to straining at defecation, pregnancy, CHF, or chonic liver failure | hemorrhoids |
| in nursing assessment, what are some questions to ask for a history of patients bowel elimination? | How often? What time usually? any routines? what color? Hard? soft? watery? unusual odor? what shape? changes in pattern or appearance? any other changes? any bowel surgery? any previous bowel problems? use of aids? affect of foods? exercise? fluid intake |
| what physical assessments will you do for bowel elimination? | examine the abdomen, rectum, and anus; inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpatation |
| what are the steps in collecting stool specimen? | 1. wear gloves 2. have pt defecate in clean, dry bedpan 3. use tongue blade, place 1inch or 15ml of stool in clean container, label and send to lab 4. read package for directions on hemoccult slide |
| normal defecation patterns include? | no excessive urgency, minimal effort, no straining, no use of laxatives |
| what are some ways nurses can assist with normal defecation patterns? | provide privacy; allow time to use the toilet; positioning; encourage high-fiber foods; provide hydration; promote exercise; TEACH, TEACH, TEACH |
| bulking agents, stool softners, osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives and combination laxatives are used to treat? | constipation |
| example of bulking agents - fiber in a nonfood source | metamucil and fibercon |
| example of stool softners - cause moisture and fat to penetrate stool causing it to soften | colace |
| example of osmotic laxatives - draw water into bowel | miralax, lactulose |
| example of stimulant laxatives - irritate intestinal wall causing intense peristalsis | senna (Senokot-S), dulcolax |
| stimulant + stool softner = | combination laxatives |
| opiates, opiate derivatives, and pepto-bismol are used to treat? | diarrhea |
| meds used to treat diarrhea are not recommended for? | acute diarrhea, only chronic diarrhea |
| how high should the container of enema solution be? | no higher than 12 inches above rectum |
| promotes removal of feces from colon; usually before diagnostic tests or surgeries of GI tract and pelvic surgeries | cleansing enemas |
| saline, tap water, soap - can cause circulatory overload, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, water intoxication | hypotonic solution for cleansing enema |
| can cause sodium retention | hypertonic solution (fleets) for cleansing enemas |
| introduce solution into the colon and is meant to be retained for a prolonged period | retention enema |
| 90 to 120 ml of oil into rectum to lubricate and to soften stool;used to assist client in passing a hard stool or prior to digital removal of stool;may be used in conjuntion with cleansing enemas | oil-retention enemas |
| 60 to 150 ml of solution to help expel flatus and relieve bloating and distention; used after abdominal or pelvic surgery | carminative enemas |
| used to istill antibiotics to treat infections in the rectum or anus or to introduce anthelminthic agents for treatment of intestinal worms and parasites | medicated retention enemas |
| administer fluid and nutrition through the rectum fo patients who are dehydrated and frail; most commonly used in hospice care | nutritive retention enemas |
| helps expel flatus and relieve abdominal distention; approx 100 to 200 ml of tap water or saline instilled into the rectum; then lowered below rectum to encourage return flow of the solution | return-flow enemas |
| name a nursing role in caring for clients with various elimination problems | bowel training |
| assists the patient to have regular, soft, formed stools; includes: gradual increase of fiber, increase fluid intake, designate uninterrupted time for defecation,provide privacy, develop staged treatment plan if constipation develops | bowel training program |
Created by:
RobinNicole
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