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Bio EOC #2 Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleotide | basic unit or building block of DNA & RNA; composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleic acid |
| Adenine | nucleic acid found in both DNA & RNA; pairs with Thymine in DNA; pairs with Uracil in RNA |
| Guanine | nucleic acid found in both DNA & RNA; pairs with Cytosine |
| Cytosine | nucleic acid found in both DNA & RNA; pairs with Guanine |
| Thymine | nucleic acid only found in DNA; pairs with Adenine |
| Uracil | nucleic acid only found in RNA; pairs with Adenine |
| DNA Backbone | form the sides of the DNA/RNA molecule; made of sugar and phosphate |
| Ribosome | found in the cytoplasm of living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis |
| Codon | three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid |
| Translation | process that decodes mRNA to make proteins |
| Amino Acid | join together to make proteins |
| Anticodon | three adjacent nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to a corresponding codon in messenger RNA and designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. |
| Transcription | process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template |
| Gene | part of DNA sequence that codes for a specific trait |
| tRNA | type of nucleic acid that transports a specific amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis |
| Chromosome | single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity |
| mRNA | type of nucleic acid that carries genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; serves as a template for protein synthesis; synthesized from a DNA template during the process of transcription |
| rRNA | type of nucleic acid that is the permanent structure of a ribosome |
| Trait | characteristic defined by the expression of a protein |
| Point Mutation | A mutation that changes only one small area or one nucleotide in a gene |
| Frameshift Mutation | A mutation that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted causes a misreading of amino acids from that point |
| Insertion | A mutation in which extra base pair(s) is added to sequence |
| Substitution Mutation | A mutation that exchanges one base for another |
| Silent Mutation | This mutation does not change anything |
| Deletion | A mutation where section of DNA is lost |
| Nonsense Mutation | This mutation changes a codon that specifies an amino acid to one of the STOP codons |
| Missense Mutation | This mutation alters the codon so as to produce an altered amino acid in the protein product |
| Translocation | This mutation base pairs or sections of chromosome are flipped |
| Inversion | This mutation results in a transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| Duplication | Section of the gene is doubled |
| Nondisjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate normally during nuclear division |
| Alleles | One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome |
| Heredity | The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. |
| Homozygous | Having the same alleles at a particular gene locus on homologous chromosomes; alleles in a pair are the same |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes |
| Recessive | An allele that does not produce a trait if it is masked by a dominant allele. |
| Dominant | An allele that produces a trait when present; can mask a recessive allele. |
| Haploid | Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup, as distinguished from the physical appearance, of an organism or a group of organisms |
| Phenotype | The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random. |
| Gamete | Sex cell, ovum (egg) and sperm |
| Law of Segregation | Members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and distributed so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair. |
| Monohybrid | Cross between two individuals with different alleles at one genetic locus of interest. |
| Dihybrid | Cross between two different lines (varieties, strains) that differ in two observed traits. |
| Loci | The position of a gene on a chromosome. |
| Codominance | Neither allele is dominant or recessive and both get expressed |
| Sex linked | Trait carried on the sex chromosome (X or Y)) |
| Incomplete dominance | Form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. |
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NEISDSci
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