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Patho Test-Reproduct
Patho Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does TSH do? | TSH stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones- growth and function of thyroid. |
| What is somatotropin? | Somatotropin is released in a diurnal pattern over 24 hours. |
| The Developement of the Reproductive Systems.... | Reproductive structures are the same until 8 weeks- gestation. Both of the structures contain gonads. |
| What does ACTH do? | ACTH fosters the growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids. |
| What does GH do? | GH promotes protein anabolism, lipid mobilization, and catabolism. It's main effect is on linear growth. |
| What are the gonadotropins? | LH and FSH |
| Define LH. | LH- Main site: Anterior Pituitary Target Organ: F- ovarian follicle M- leydig cells Function: F- Ovulation, progesterone production Males- regulates spermatogenesis, testosterone production, testicular growth, and production of androgens. |
| Define FSH. | Site: Anterior pituitary Target organ: F- ovarian follice M- leydig cells Function: F- follicle maturation, estrogen production M- spermatogenesis |
| What is prolactin? | Main site: Anterior pituitary Target Organ: Mammary Glands Function: Milk Production |
| What is oxytocin? | Site: Posterior pituitary Target organ: Females- uterus Function: contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in lactating women [may impact sperm motility in men and have anti-diuretic effect in both genders |
| Definition of Puberty. | The transition between the juvenile state and the mature reproductive state when secondary sex characteristics develop and fertility is achieved. -growth spurt, growth of pubic and axillary hair, and development of secondary sex characteristics |
| Puberty in Females | Girls 8 – 9 yrs old Thelarche – breast development breast bud development(a little tissue) Occurs 2 years before first menses Menarche – onset of menses |
| Puberty in Males | Boys 11 – 12 years old Adrenarche – the increase in secretions of androgens by the adrenal gland Takes 5 to 7 years to complete in both sexes |
| Tanner Staging of Puberty | Tanner described these sequences and are utilize to measure the maturation among adolescents. Tanner Staging- 1-5 1, being nothing pretty much to most mature stage, 5 |
| Puberty is complete when...... | In females the ovary releases a mature ova In males there is ejaculation that contains mature sperm |
| What is your name? | Kim |
| What are the ages for delayed puberty? | Lack of secondary characteristics after age 14 in girls and age 15 in boys. |
| What is anovulation? | Anovulation is a cycle during which the ovaries fail to release an oocyte. |
| What is amenorrhea? | Absence of periods. |
| What is Primary Amenorrhea? | Abscence of menses by 14 if secondary sex characteristics are visible. Abscense of menses by 16 regardless of presence of secondary sex characteristics. |
| What is Secondary Amenorrhea? | Menses has stopped for at least 6 months when a women has already had her periods in the past. |
| Causes of Secondary Amenorrhea... | Pregnancy, Pituitary Adenomas, PCOS, Endocrine disorders(Hyperthyroidism), Excessive Stress, Weight loss, Underweight, Excessive Exercise |
| What is dysmenorrhea? | Pain or discomfort with menses. Primary- Pain not associated with physical abnormality or pathology. Secondary- Pain caused by pathology such as cysts, IUD..etc. |
| What is anovulation? | Anovulation is a cycle during which the ovaries fail to release an oocyte. |
| What is amenorrhea? | Absence of periods. |
| What is Primary Amenorrhea? | Abscence of menses by 14 if secondary sex characteristics are visible. Abscense of menses by 16 regardless of presence of secondary sex characteristics. |
| What is Secondary Amenorrhea? | Menses has stopped for at least 6 months when a women has already had her periods in the past. |
| Causes of Secondary Amenorrhea... | Pregnancy, Pituitary Adenomas, PCOS, Endocrine disorders(Hyperthyroidism), Excessive Stress, Weight loss, Underweight, Excessive Exercise |
| What is dysmenorrhea? | Pain or discomfort with menses. Primary- Pain not associated with physical abnormality or pathology. Secondary- Pain caused by pathology such as cysts, IUD..etc. |
| What is PCOS? | Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -leading cause of infertility in the US -90% of women with oligomenorrhea have PCOS. |
| PCOS Diagnoses.... | Have to have 2 out of the 3 following: Oligo-ovulation or anovulation Clinical or biochemical signs of androgenism Polycystic Ovaries |
| What is the PCOS Pathogenesis? | Increased androgens cause insulin resistance and insulin resistance causes increased levels of adrogen production. |
| What is vaginitis and what are some side effects? | Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina. It is generally caused by infectious agents, chemical irritants, or foreign bodies. S/Sx Include: Vaginal Discharge Marked Change in Color Significant increase in amount of discharge Foul Odor |
| What is PID and what are common S/Sx? | Inflammation of the upper reproductive tract that involves the uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis) or ovaries (oophritis). Generally ascending infection after a STI. Lower abdominal pain,Purulent discharge,Pelvic tenderness |
| What is cystocele? | herniation of bladder into the vagina..bladder sags below the uterus… |
| What is rectocele? | herniation of rectum into the vagina- difficulty with deficating |
| What is uterine prolapse? | Descent of the uterus into the vagina. |
| What are leiomyomas? | They are also known as fibroids. These are benign. They usually development within the corpus of the uterus and are defined as follows: Submucosal-Outside on endometrial side Intramural-in the tissues Subserous-inside of uterus |
| What is endometriosis? | A condition, usually resulting in pain and dysmenorrhea, that is characterized by the abnormal occurrence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus. |
| What is the "Classic Triad" of endometriosis? | 1. Dysmenorrhea- very painful periods 2. Dyspareuria- very painful intercourse 3. Infertility |
| Etopic Implants in the ovary can... | 1. Can form cysts with old blood aka as Chocolate Cysts 2. Rupture- this can cause peritonitis and adhesions. |
| Cancers of the female reproductive system include... | 1. Endometrial- 6% of all cancers in women 2. Ovarian- 3.5% of all cancers in women 3. Cervical- 2% of all cancers in women |
| Risk factors of endometrial cancer include... | Obesity High Fat Diet Infertilitity Caucasian Age>40 Family history Diabetes History of breast or ovarian cancer |
| Risk factors of ovarian cancer include... | Early menarche Late menopause Family history Infertility History of breast cancer High fat diet |
| Ovarian cancer stats. | This cancer is the most fatal. It is usually caught very late and metastasizes fast. The cells go from the ovary, to the lymph nodes, and invade other organs quickly. |
| What is Phimosis? | In phimosis, the foreskin of the penis can not retract over the glans. |
| What is Paraphimosis? | The foreskin is retracted, and cannot be replaced back to cover the gland. Can be a medical emergency because it can cut off blood to the glan. |
| What is peyronie's disease? | Peyronie's disease is progressive fibrosis of the sheath around the corpora cavernosa causing a painful, bent erection. It is often genetic. |
| What is Priapism? | Priapism in an involuntary, prolonged, painful erection. It can result in ischemia and fibrosis(scarring) of the penis. Can occur in any age but is more common in 5-10 y/os. Medical emergency. |
| What is balanitis? | Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis. It is often related to poor hygeine and is related to yeast infections. |
| What is varicocele? | Varicocele is a "wormy" bag becoming incompetent and can cause in low sperm count. |
| What is hydrocele? | Hydrocele is fluid accumulation within the tunica vaginalis. Surgical aspiration is sometimes needed.Not associated with infertility. |
| What is spermatocele? | It is a cyst containing sperm at the end of the epididymis. Not associated with infertility. |
| What is cryptorchism? | Cyptorchism is when one or both of the testes fail to descend in the the sac. If natural descendation doesn't take place before 1, sugery is necessary. Can cause decreased infertility. |
| What is testicular torsion? | Twisting of the adult spermatic cord. Abrubt and often associated with trauma. Has to be taken care of within 1-2 hours or infertility with happen. Medical emergency. |
| What is epididmytis? | Inflammation of the epidydmis. Often associated with an STI infection. Male equivalent of a PID. |
| What is orchitis? | Acute inflammation of the testes. Often occurs with epididmytis. |
| What is benign prostatic hypertrophy? | Non-malignant enlargement of the prostate.Occurs in 50% of men over 50 y/o and 90% of men over 80. Causes bladder outflow obstruction. |
| What is prostatitis? | An acute bacterial infection associate with BPH.S/Sx include fever, chills, and dysuria. OR A non-bacterial infection that may be due to GU tract causing reflux of urine |
| Prostate cancer risk factors. | Men over 55 y/o. African Americans. Family history High fat diet |
| Dif. Between Prostate cancer and BPH? | Same symptoms as BPH- Diff. between them is that the prostate is hard, and nodular to the touch- if there is any doubt as to whether its smooth or hard then a biopsy should be done |
| HPV | Some cause problems, some don't. Can be spread with the use of a condom.No treatment- or not great treatments- freeze or burn the warts off- some medications that are very irritating and hurt- some can go away on their own, most of the time they dont |
| What is Genital Herpes? | Transmitted by contact – can be transmitted with condom use and the person does not need to have an outbreak to transmit the disease Many cases are subclinical There is no treatment but can be somewhat managed with meds Virus replicates in the skin. |
| Genital herpes s/sx.... | Tingling and pruritis Vesicles that ulcerate Pain Dyspareunia Fever Headache Muscle aches lymphadenopathy |
| What is chlamydia? | Chlamydia is caused by a bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis. Curable with antibiotics. If left untreated, can cause PID or infertility. Usually not any symptoms- women really can't tell they have it. |
| What is gonorrhea? | Gonorrhea is caused by neisseria gonnorrheoeae. Penicillin resistant strain prevailent world wide-only thing to treat it is a shot. 2nd leading STD |
| What is syphillis? | Syphillis is decreasing today. It is still around but not as prevalent. 4 Different Stages. Look on notes for. |
Created by:
Kimmay
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