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Vet Benzodiazepines
anti-anxiety
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Benzodiazepines are most commonly used ____________ medication | anti-anxiety |
They are also grouped in ____________ medication | sedative-hypnotic |
They are also classified as centrally mediated ____________ ____________ | muscle relaxants |
Mechanism of action: CNS depression specific to the areas in ____________, _________ and ______ system of the brain | hypothalamic, thalamic, limbic |
Indications | anxiety relief, sedation, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxants, appetite stimulant, retrograde amnesia |
Sedative effects through depression of | limbic system |
Muscle relaxing effect via inhibiting of the ______ at the spinal level | internunical neurons |
There are two major inhibitory amino acid neuro transmitters in the CNS= | glycine and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) |
_______ performs inhibitory function in the spinal cord, brain stem and retina. | glycine. |
GABA is found in the __________ and _________ | cerebrum and cerebellum |
Benzodiazepines action is through _________ of specific (BZ) receptors | stimulation |
There are as many as __________ variations of BZ receptors | 6 |
How many categories of action can be identified | 3 |
Agents which _________ _________ bindings and - induced ___________ current are known agonist. | increases GABA, chloride |
Drugs that reduce ______ ______ binding and induce _______ _______ are known as inverse agonists. | both GABA, chloride influx |
Drugs that reduce both GABA and induce Chloride influx are known as | inverse agonists |
inverse agonists are responsible for | anxiety, convulsion and analeptic properties |
The third group the genuine antagonist of both agonist and inverse agonist are drugs that bind but have no efficacy at the site, _________ is a drug of this type | flumazenil |
How many types of GABA receptors are found at pre and post synaptic site | 2 |
what are the GABA type of receptors found at pre and post synaptic site. | A & B |
Important to remember is that Benzodiazepines potentates the action of __________ and increases the frequency of _________ channel opening. | GABA, Chloride (Cl) |
Benzodiazepines derivatives are | Diazepam, Midazolam, Chloradiazepoxide, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Zolazepam, Chlodiazepam. |
Which Benzodiazepines are used in Veterinary Medicine | Diazepam, Midazolam, Zolazepam, Chlodiazepam |
What are the common names for BZ used in Veterinary Medicine | Valium, Versed, Zolazepam, Chlodiazepam |
How many BZs are we learning about | 8 |
How many BZs are used in Veterinary Medicine | 4 |
What is the acronym for the BZs use in Vet Med. | DMZC |
Name for Diazepam | Valium |
Name for Midazolam | Versed |
Name for Chloradiazepoxide | Librium |
Name for Lorazepam | Ativan |
Name for Alprazolam | Xanax |
Name for Clonazepam | Klonopin |
This drug is insoluble in water, solution contains solvent propylene glycol, ethanol and sodium benzoate in benzoic acid | Diazepam |
IV injection of __________ can cause thrombophlebitis. | Diazepam |
Can Diazepam be used orally? | Yes |
Which of these can Diazepam pass through? the blood-brain barrier or placental barrier | Both |
What percent of Diazepam is protein bound | almost 90% |
Diazepam's half life is | 6 to 21 hours |
How is diazepam metabolized | in the liver by demethylation and hydroxylation |
In the liver diazepam is demthylated and hydroxylated to how many forms | 3 |
what are the active forms of diazepam demethylated and hydroxylated by the liver | N-demethyldiazepam, 3-hydroxydiazepam and oxazepam |
Diazepam metabolites are conjugated to ________ by the liver. | glucuronide |
Glucuronide is excreted by | Kidneys |
Is the toxcity of Diazepam low or high | low |
How do you treat an overdose of Diazepam | with flumazenil |
Clinical Uses for Diazepam include | convulsion control, used in dog, cat, horse to prevent post-op convulsion caused by use of contrast media into spinal cord for radiography, premedication for sedation, etc |
Diazepam has been used as muscle relaxation with what other drugs to perform minor surgical procedures | ketamin, xylazine, opiods, etc |
This drug is water soluble and not painful given IV | Midazolam |
Midazolam is metabolized by | the liver |
what is the half life of Midazolam | shorter than Diazepam |
Midazolam effects on repiratory and cardivascular are | minimal like others in the group |
Midazolam are used widely with combinations of | opioids |
Does Midazolam readily cross the blood-brain barrier | yes |
which is more potent Midazolam or Diazepam | Midazolam |
Midazolam clinical uses include | anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, appetite stimulant |
what is the acronym for Midazolam clinical uses | the AMA |
Midazolam is combined with | ketamine and other anesthetics |
Diazepam and Midazolam can cause what type of changes in dogs and cats | behavior |
Midazolam can cause these animals restless, to pace, vocalize, and difficult to approach | cats |
can midazolam cause an increase or decrease in food consumption | increase |
what drug antagonizes the effects of all benzodiazepines | flumazenil |
what is another name for flumazenil | romazicon |
what action speed of flumazenil | rapid 2 to 4 minutes |
Reversal by flumazenil is or is not accompanied by anxiety and cardiovascular effects | is not |
how long does the antagonistic effects of flumazenil effects last | about 60 minutes |
should you ever redose flumazenil | yes it may be required |
Zolazepam is sold in combination with | tiletamine |
in what ration is zolazepam and tiletamine sold in | 1 : 1 |
what is the combination of zolazepam and tiletamine called? | telazol. |
Telazole contains what | 250mg of zolazepam and 250mg of tiletamine |
tiletamine is a dissociative agent similar to | ketamine |
Telazole is widely used in | ruminants |