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Pharm1 Chapter24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alpha-1 blockers | drugs that primarily cause arterial and venous dilation through their action on peripherial sympathetic neurons |
| antihypertensive drugs | medications used to treat hypertension |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle |
| centrally acting adrenergic drugs | drugs that modify the function of the symapthetic nervous system in the brain by stimulating alpha-2 receptors, which has a reverse sympathetic effect that causes decreased blood pressure. |
| essential hypertension | elevation systm=emic arterial pressure for which no cause can be found and whick is often the only significant clinical finding |
| essential hypertension | primary or idiopathic hypotension |
| ganglionic blocking drugs | drugs that prevent nervs from responding to the action of acetylcholine by occupying the recepoor sites for acetylcoline on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve endings. |
| hypertension | a common disorder in which blood pressure is persistently above 140/90 mmHg. |
| Nicotinic receptor | the receptor and site of action for acetycholine in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. |
| orthostatic hpotension | a sudden drop in blood pressue when a person changes position |
| prodrug | a drug that is inactive in its administered ofrm and mujst be biotransformed in the liver to its active form |
| secondary hypertension | high blood pressure associated with a primary disease (such as renal disease). |
| where are nicotinic receptors located? | at the junction of the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of both the parasymapthetic and sympathetic nervous systems. |
| what is the most common disease in the western hemisphere? | Hypertension |
| why is is crucial for nurses to educate patients on hypertenson? | it can be prevented and is a risk factor for stroke, heart disease and renal failure. |
| Name some risk factors for hypertenson… | increasing age, African american, Males, family history, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. |
| what are the two determinants of Blood Pressure | cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance |
| what is cardiac output | amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle measured in leters per minute |
| what is systemic vascular resistance | the force or resistance the left ventricle has to overcome to eject its volume of blood. |
| bp of 120/80 is | Normal |
| bp of 120-139/80-89 is | prehypertension |
| bp of 140-159/90-99 is | stage 1 hypertension |
| bp of 160/100 or greater is | stage 2 hypertension |
| is high diastolic bp more dangerous than a high systolic bp? | no |
| what diuretis should be the initial drug therapy for most patients with hypertenson? | Thiazide |
| What drugs have been found to be more helpful in caucasians than in African american patients? | beta-blockers and Ace Inhibitors |
| what are ahtyhypertensive agents? | meds used to treat hypertenson. |
| where do adrenergic agents act? | centrally and peripherally and block neurons |
| how do beta blockers reduce blood pressure? | by reducing heart rate through beta 1 blockade |
| example of beta blockers | propranolol and atenolol |
| how do dual action alpha 1 and beta receptor blocker work? | reduce heart rate by blocking beta1 receptors and vasodilation by blocking alpha 1 receptors |
| example of duel action drugs | labetalol and carvedilol |
| adverse effects of adrenergic agents | dry mouth drowsiness sedation constipation are the most common |
| how do ace inhibitors work? | they block the angiotension converting enzyme preventing the formation of angiotension II. They also prevent the breakdown of vasodilating badykinin. The result is decreases systemis vascular resistance, vasodilation and decreased blood pressure. |
| examples of ace inhibitors | captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, ramipril |
| adverse effects of ace inhibitors | fatigue, headache, impaired taset, dizziness, mood changes, possible hyperkalemia, dry, nonproductive cough which reverses when therapy is stopped. |
| how do angiotensin II receptor blockers work? | Block the receptors that receive angiotension II |
| examples of angiotension II receptor blockers | cozaar, hyzaar, diovan, atacand, benicar, micardis, teveten |
| adverse effects of angiotension II receptor blockers | uper respiratory infectons, headache, occasionally - dizziness, inabik=lity to sleep, diarrhea, dyspnea, heartbrun, nasal congestion, back pain, and fatigue. |
| what are calcium channel blockers used for? | angina, hypertension, dysrhythmias, migraine headaches, raynaud's disease |
| side effects of calcium channel blockers. | hypotension, palpitations, tachycardia, constipation, nausea, rash, flushing peripheral edema, dertititis. |
| results of thiazide diuretics | decreased preload, decreased cardiac output and decreased total peripheral resistance |
| action of vasodilators | directy relax arteriolar smooth muscle |
| should drugs be stopped abruptly? | no |
| give with meals or not? | give with meals to avoid GI upset and that absorbtion is more gradual and more effective. |
| how do you administer IV forms | with extreme caution and use and IV pump |
| Should patients worry about heat | yes. This increases blood pressure. Caution on hot tubs, baths and showers as well as hot weather. |
Created by:
cspearsall
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