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Ch 8 AP HuG Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the interaction of geographical area and political process | Political Geography |
| What is political geography the formal study? | territoriality and power |
| an independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory | state (country) |
| What are 3 areas of land that are complicated to determine if it can become a state? | Korea, Taiwan, and the Poles |
| What are some autonomous regions? | Hong Kong and Macau(China); Scotland, N. Ireland, and Wales(UK) |
| What is an example of a microstate? | Monaco |
| states with very small land areas | Microstates |
| a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside, built walls to define boundaries | city-states |
| What is an example of a city-state? | Mesopotamia |
| What is a geometric boundary? | a straight line |
| tangible geographic area; provides area of separation; uninhabited or inhabited by people seeking to live outside of organized society | frontier |
| What are frontiers becoming more attractive to states for? | agriculture and mining |
| one drawn across an area before it was well populated; physical boundary | antecedent boundary |
| What is an example of an antecedent boundary? | Louisiana/ Mississippi border |
| one drawn after it was well populated | subsequent boundary |
| one drawn to accommodate religious, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences | consequent (ethnographic) boundary |
| What is an example of a consequent boundary? | Ireland/N. Ireland |
| one forced on existing cultural landscapes | superimposed boundaries |
| What is an example of a superimposed boundary? | N. and S. Korea |
| a boundary that no longer functions but is marked by some landscape features | relic boundary |
| What is an example of a relic boundary? | Great Wall of China |
| What is the advantage of a compact state? | easy defense and communications |
| What is an advantage of a prorupt or protruded state? | increases access to natural resources such as water |
| What is a disadvantage of a prorupt or protruded state? | difficult to control the elongated portion |
| What is an advantage of a perforated state? | another country is dependent on you |
| What is a disadvantage of a elongated state? | difficult to communicate |
| What is a disadvantage of a fragmented state? | difficult to communicate and defend |
| bounded(non-island) piece of territory that is part of a state but lies separated from it by territory of another state. | Exclave |
| What is an example of a exclave? | Alaska, West Berlin(West Germany) |
| piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it is no a part (landlocked within the country which surrounds them) | enclave |
| What is an example of a enclave? | Lesotho, Vatican City |
| isolation; at the mercy of neighbors; need communication linkages(highways, airports, rivers,etc.); have formed alliances with other countries to lessen isolation | landlocked country |
| What is an example of a landlocked country? | Switzerland |
| Most modern-day boundaries were drawn by whom? | European Colonial Powers |
| territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent | colony |
| effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory | colonialism |
| What are the reasons for colonialism? | Promote Christianity, extract useful resources and to serve as captive for their products, and to establish relative power through the number of their colonies (God, Gold, Glory) |
| control of territory already occupied and organized by and indigenous(native) society | imperialism |
| What is considered imperialism? | European colonization of Africa and Asia |
| What are the 3 geopolitical theories? | the Heartland Theory, Rimland Theory, and Organic State |
| Who founded the Heartland Theory? | Sir Halford Mackinder |
| What did the Heartland Theory propose? | That whoever controls Eastern Europe controls the Heartland. |
| Who founded the Rimland Theory? | Nichols Spyman |
| What did the Rimland Theory propose? Why? | That Eurasia's rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island; access to warm water ports |
| Who founded the Organic State Theory? | Friedrich Ratzel |
| What did the Organic State Theory propose? | That political entities continually seek nourishment in the form of gaining territories to survive in the same way that a living organism seeks nourishment from food to survive. |
| What is the chronological order of the 3 theories? | The Organic State Theory(1897), The Heartland Theory(1904), The Rimland Theory(1942) |
| government bestows power upon local territories rather than centrally controlling the entire country | Federal States |
| Give an example of a Federal State. | US, Canada, Mexico |
| governments give little or no power to their local territories | unitary states |
| What is an example of a unitary state? | Japan, China, Rwanda |
| each state is allotted a number of votes in a Presidential election based on their population | electoral college |
| Representation in the what is also based on population? | House of Representatives |
| What are created to determine the districts that will be represented by a single representative? | legislative districts |
| How many times are the legislative districts redrawn? | every 10 years |
| manipulating districts to empower or discriminate against groups of people | gerrymandering |
| spreads opposition supporters across many districts in the minority | wasted vote |
| concentrates opposition supporters into few districts | excess vote |
| links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries | stacked vote |
| tendency for a country to give up political power to a higher authority in order to accomplish a common objective | supranationalism |
| What are the 4 supranationalistic organizations? | United Nations, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, North American Free-Trade Agreement, and European Union |
| What are the 2 different ways states cooperate? | Political and military cooperation(government) and economic cooperation |
| After WWI, what supranationalistic organization failed? | League of Nations |
| What was created after WWII? | The United Nations |
| defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) |
| How many nautical miles does a territory own from the baseline? | 12 |
| How far is the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)? | 200 nautical miles |
| What 2 military alliances were formed during the Era of Two Superpowers (Cold War Era)? | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and Warsaw Pact |
| What is more important today in determining world powers | Economy |
| Leading superpower is not a single state but a what of European states? | economic union(The European Union) |
| What are the elements of the European Union? | open borders, free trade between countries(no tariff), common policies(environmental, foreign), larger trading market, and common currency(Euro) |
| process by which regions within a state gain political power at the expense of central government (smaller government overpowers the central government) | devolution |
| the contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries | balkanization |
| What are examples of Balkanization? | Czechoslovakia breaking into Czech Republic(Czechia) and Slovakia; Yugoslavia breaks up into several countries |
| What are the effects of Balkanization in Europe? | New states are created, political instability, mass migration, and ethnocentrism |
| actions by groups operating outside government rather than to those of official government agencies | terrorism |
| Who does terrorism target? | civilians |
| What do states do that support a terrorist group? | provides sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries, supplies weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists, and plans attacks using terrorists |
| What states are believed to support terrorism? | N. Korea, Iran, Sudan, and Syria |
| an identification with the state and acceptance of national goals, allegiance to ideals and way to life, emotion that provides loyalty, acceptance of common rules, helps integrate diverse groups | nationalism |
| study of symbols | iconography |
| What are some examples of iconography? | national anthems, flags, flowers and animals, rituals and holiday, etc |
| What are unifying institutions? | Schools, Military, State Religion |
| Why is Elementary school a definite unifying institution? | children learn their history, goals, values, traditions, and the common language |
| What religion does Thailand practice? | Buddhism |
| What religion does Nepal practice? | Hinduism |
| What religion does Pakistan practice? | Islam |
| What religion does Israel practice? | Judaism |
| What does organization and administration do to a country? | Secures it from external aggression and internal conflicts; distributes resources; equal opportunity of participation; responds to the people's needs |
| What does good transportation and communication do for a country? | Joins areas together; Roads and Railroads |
| What are some restrictions between countries? | Tariffs and Embargos(Trade ban with another country); legal barriers on immigration; limitations through passports and visas |
| destabilizing forces; lack of communication or transportation | centrifugal forces |
| If a minority group has a territorial identification and believes it has the right to self-determination | nationalism |
| What are 2 examples of organized religion? | Hindus v. Muslims in Kashmir; Catholics v. Protestants in Northern Ireland |
| these movements are expressions of regionalism: minority group self-awareness and identification with a region rather than the state; minority with the goal of total or partial secession | separatism |
| transfer of some central powers to regional or local governments | devolution |
Created by:
colorguard101
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