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EOC STAAR Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis is maintained by... | plasma membrane controlling what enters & leaves the cell |
| Plasma is also known as the | cell membrane |
| Polar heads of the cell membrane are | hydrophilic |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| Nonpolar tails of the cell membrane are | hydrophobic |
| Diffusion is a passive process meaning | no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY |
| Hypotonic | solution enters the cell |
| Hypertonic | solution exits out of the cell |
| Isotonic | no movement in or out of the cell by the solution |
| cytolysis | cell swells |
| plasmolysis | cell bursts |
| channel proteins | are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross |
| carrier proteins | can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other |
| exocytosis | moving out of the cell |
| endocytosis | moving in the cell |
| pinocytosis | Most common form of endocytosis; Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc. |
| g1 | first growth phase, prepares to copy dna |
| s | dna replication |
| g2 | time between synthesis and mitosis |
| m | cell growth and protein production stopped (mitosis and meiosis) |
| replication steps | fork in dna, repication bubbles form, Enzyme Helicase unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds, Enzyme Topoisomerase attaches to the 2 forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it separates |
| Primase | the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer; |
| DNA polymerase | can then add the new nucleotides |
| Leading Strand | synthesized as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork |
| Lagging Strand | synthesized discontinuously against overall direction of replication This strand is made in MANY short segments |
| okazaki fragments | series of short segments on the lagging strand Must be joined together by an enzyme |
| The enzyme Ligase | joins the Okazaki fragments together to make one strand |
| New dna consists of | 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW strand of DNA |
| Protein | Contains carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and possibly sulfur (S) atoms; made of amino acids; large and complex, used to build cells |
| Carbohydrates | Contains carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H) atoms; ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1 |
| Nucleic Acid | Contains a carbohydrate (sugar) group, phosphate group (PO4 -3 and a nitrogen base (adenine,thymine (in DNA only) or uracil (in RNA only), cytosine, and guanine; very large and complex |
| Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes than | eukaryotic cells |
| Epidermis cells on root hairs | increase surface area to allow for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients |
| Epithelium Cell | cover external surfaces, form boundaries, |
| Topipotent Cells | can produce any cell in an organism and can produce the cells of tissues surrounding an embryo. These cells are often found in the umbilical cord of mother’s. |
| Pluripotent Cells | form totipotent cells. In am embryo (blastocycst stage), these cells develop into three layers- germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Each layer gives rise to a specific set of tissues and organs in the developing embryo. |
| Multipotent Cells | found in adults, can develop into a few cells such as stem cells in bone marrow which can develop into several types of blood cells , but not that of other tissues. |
| Sarcoma Cancers | Involves cells in bones, muscles, fat, or connective tissue |
| Carcinoma cancers | Involves cells that cover external or internal body parts |
| Lyphoma Cancer | Begins in the lymph tissues in the immune system |
| Leukemia Cancer | Begin in the bone marrow and spread through the blood, do not involve tumors |
| Earth formed how many years ago | 4-5 billion years ago |
| who worked with pea plants in the mid 1800s to learn the basic patterns of inheritance. He proposed the idea that units he called factors controlled traits. Today, these factors are known as genes. | Gregor Mendel |
| Codominance- | sometimes 2 alleles are expressed in heterozygous genotype. In chickens, the alleles for black feathers and white feathers are both expressed in the heterozygous genotype. These chickens have mixed black and white feathers. |
| Polygenic traits | -many traits are determined by multiple genes. Height and skin color in humans are examples of polygenic traits. |
| Maternal inheritance | chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain genes that are passed from generation to another only in egg cells. Your mitochondrial genes are the same genes found in your mother’s mitochondria |
| Transcription | the process of making RNA from DNA; Purpose: To copy DNA’s genetic information into messenger RNA; Occurs in the nucleus of the cell |
| mRNA | message |
| tRNA | transfer |
| rRNA | ribosomal |
| stop codon | codon that terminates the translation process; releases amino acids |
| meiosis | cell division that creates 4 haploid cells called gametes – aka –reduction division |
| genomes | - is the set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. |
| DNA Fingerprinting | is a technique that compares specific sections of 2 or more DNA samples. The technique is used for a wide variety of purposes including forensics, studying the migration of animals and determining evolutionary relationships. |
| DNA extraction | - the opening of cells to separate/isolate DNA from other cell parts |
| DNA cutting | - large DNA molecules are cut into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes. These enzymes recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences. |
| restriction enzymes | - large DNA molecules are cut into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes. These enzymes recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences. |
| separating DNA | – DNA fragments can be separated and analyzed using gel electrophoresis. This process allows scientists to compare genomes of different organisms, separate genes, and create DNA “fingerprints” |
| electrophoresis | how the DNA is analyzed |
| Sequencing DNA | – this process allows scientists to determine the sequence of N-bases in DNA. |
| recombinant DNA | scientists can cut DNA from two sources with the same restriction enzyme and combine them. This is used in genetic engineering. This process has been used to create human proteins used to treat disease, create pest-resistant crops, etc. |
| copying DNA | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed that makes many copies of a small amount of DNA. |
| anatomical homologies | Structural similarities (like bones in a bird’s wing and the human arm) that serve a different purpose for each species. |
| molecular homologies | Molecular similarities among organisms (the genomes for humans and chimpanzees are about 99% identical) |
| developmental homologies | Embryonic similarities among certain organisms show how some organisms develop in common ways (vertebrate embryos have gill pouches that later develop into gills or Eustachian tubes) |
| gradualism | is the process of evolution in which a species changes very slowly over a very long period |
| punctuated equilibrium | is the process of evolution where a species experiences little or no change for long periods, followed by sudden change |
| living fossil | is a species that shows little or no change since its ancestor first appeared on Earth |
| directional selection | Occurs when individuals with a particular phenotype have an advantage in their environment. Often a single gene controls the trait. Ex: A birds with larger beak sizes are more successful at surviving than birds with small or medium sized beaks. |
| Stabilizing Selection | Occurs when extremes in phenotypes gives individuals in the population a disadvantage. Often these traits are polygenic- . Ex: Body size of an organism. For most organisms, extremely large or extremely small body types are not favorable for survival. |
| Disruptive Selection | when extreme phenotypes for a trait are adaptive. Ex: If bird beaks of an intermediate size are a disadvantage birds with small or large beaks are more likely to thrive If natural selection lasts long enough, birds will have beaks small and large |
| endosymbiotic theory | - some organelles in eukaryotic cells formed from symbiotic relationships between early prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| endosymbiosis | process were one organism lives inside another organism and both benefi. According to the theory, free- living aerobic bacteria became endosymbionts inside larger, anaerobic cells. they evolved into the organelles that are now observed as mitochondria. |
| Lynn Margolis proposed what theory? | endosymbiotic theory |
| regulation | The endocrine system makes certain hormones. Blood in the circulatory system carries them to the skeletal system to control the amount of calcium released from bones. |
| nutrient absorption | Food is broken down in the stomach mechanically by the muscular system (churns food) and chemically by water, acid, and enzymes in the digestive system; nutrients are then absorbed by blood in the circulatory system |
| defense | Mucus in the lungs traps a virus in the respiratory system. T-cells in the immune system destroy virus- infected cells. Nerves in the nervous system sense pain from a fire on the skin |
| enzymes are | proteins and end in -ase |
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Doerre_2019
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