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Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid deposition | The accumulation of acids on Earth's surface |
| Acid precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow or fog |
| Active solar energy | Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy |
| Air pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
| Animate power | Power supplied by animals or by people |
| Biomass fuel | Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste |
| Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution |
| Break-of-bulk point | A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
| Bulk-gaining industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs |
| Bulk-reducing industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs |
| Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers |
| Consumptive water usage | The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid |
| Cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution |
| Fission | The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy |
| Fordist production | A form of massive production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
| Fossil fuel | An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago |
| Fusion | Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium |
| Geothermal energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks |
| Greenhouse effect | The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface |
| Just-in-time delivery | Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed |
| Labor-intensive industry | An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses |
| Maquiladora | A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico |
| New international division of labor | Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries |
| Nonconsumptive water usage | The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid |
| Nonpoint source pollution | Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area |
| Nonrenewable energy | A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted |
| Outsourcing | A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers |
| Ozone | A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface |
| Passive solar energy systems | Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices |
| Photochemical smog | An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions |
| Point source pollution | Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source |
| Pollution | Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land |
| Post-fordist production | Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks |
| Potential reserve | The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist |
| Proven reserve | The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits |
| Recycling | The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material |
| Remanufacturing | The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts |
| Renewable energy | A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people |
| Right-to-work law | A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment |
| Sanitary landfill | A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin |
| Site factors | Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital |
| Situation factors | Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory |
| Vertical integration | An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process |
Created by:
Yedani
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