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Geography
grade 9 Ontario
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| birth rate | # of births/total pop. x1000 |
| death rate | # of deaths/total pop. x1000 |
| natural increase rate | birth rate-death rate |
| immigration rate | # of immigrants/total pop. x1000 |
| emigration | # of emigrants/total pop. x1000 |
| net migration rate | immigration rate-emigration rate |
| population growth rate | natural increase rate + net migration rate |
| doubling time | 70 / population growth rate |
| push factors | war, poverty, lack of education |
| population distribution | pattern of where people live in a region/country |
| metis | descendants of europeans and aboriginals |
| pull factors | jobs, educational opportunities, low taxes |
| population pyramid | graph showing age and sex structure of a population |
| inuit | aboriginal people from the arctic |
| racism | faced by many of the First Nations people and adds to increased levels of poverty |
| demography | study of populations |
| population density | # of people/ km^2 |
| reservations | where many First Nations people were relocated by the government |
| census | a survey that captures a wide range of data about the population |
| economic immigrants | skilled worker, temp foreign workers, business |
| number of points to be accepted under skilled worker | 67 |
| people in Canada live primarily | within 500km of U.S. border |
| Komagatu Maru | set sail from Hong Kong |
| a refugee may be persecuted because of | political opinion, religion, sexual orientation |
| stages? | stage 1- little development stage 2 - steady birth rate, slightly decreasing death rate stage 3 - falling birth rate (slower), falling death rate stage 4 - steady birth rate, steady death rate (even) stage 5 - steady death rate, falling birth rate |
| specific land claim | Involves a treaty from the past being taken into account and upheld in the future |
| comprehensive land claim | modern treaties made between indigenous people and the government |
| comprehensive vs specific | both involve rights to land, take long court processes and government involvment |
| generations | baby boomers - 1946-1964 gen x - 1965-1979 millennials (gen Y) - 1980-1996 Gen Z - 1997-2010 Gen alpha - 2011-present |
| how to read population pyramid | longer bars = larger amount of people scale along bottom and age up middle female right male left (different colours) |
| skilled workers need ______ to be accepted to Canada | set up work high degrees of training skills needed |
| refugees | need to move for safety may be pursued by threat (possibly for political opinion, sexual orientation or religion) |
| food security | access to affordable, nutritious and healthy food |
| old growth forests | forests that have not been logged |
| boreal forest | largest forest region in Canada |
| mixed forest | the region of forest we live in, mixed types of trees and forest |
| selective cutting | most expensive type of forestry but also most sustainable |
| clear cutting | cheap type of forestry least sustainable |
| underground mining | most expensive mining method, used to extract valuable ores like gold nickel and copper |
| 3R's diagram | Reduce, not using, reuse, repurpose, recycle, will be made into something else none, landfill |
| sustainability model | shows how we can make things good for people, the planet and still profit from it, shows what needs to be done in order to help the present and future |
| issues First Nations people face due to mineral being found on reserves | kicked off land mining contaminates water supply air contaminated disregarded, companies buy land off government |
| agribusiness | mass produced food made with chemicals. Unhealthy but cheap |
| urban agriculture | sustainable and healthy, helps people who don't have food security, affordable |
| agribusiness vs urban agriculture | both affordable, easy access |
| reading infographics | name, target audience, message, sources, colour, text and info |
| earths crust | top thin layer of earth that humans live on |
| weather | day to day changes in temperature and precipitation of an area |
| humus | dark, nutrient rich soil |
| magma | molten rock |
| calving | the process of ice chunks breaking off a glacier |
| permafrost | permanently frozen soil |
| elevation | as it increases, temperature s decrease |
| weathering | process of breaking large rocks into smaller sediments |
| fossil fuels | coal, oil, natural gas |
| calcification | the soil has no water and plant dies of dehydration |
| leaching | too much water in the soil and plants die because they are water logged |
| intuition mountains | young, jagged, near arctic cities like Iqaluit |
| western cordillera | young, jagged, near cities like Vancouver |
| Appalachians | round, near cities like Halifax |
| policies that will reduce fossil fuels | increase gas prices, cease developments of oilseeds, reduce amounts of gas cars |
| climate graphs | graph of a city's temperature and precipitation |
| greenhouse effect | sun rays hit earth in heat, C02 and other gases trap heat in the earth's atmosphere |
| rock cycle | magma erupts and turns into igneous rock. erosion and weathering causes igneous rock to turn into sedimentary rock. Heat and pressure makes both these into metamorphic rock. convergence may turn any of these rocks back into magma. |
| GPS | global positioning system based on location gets you from A to B |
| GIS | geographic information system mapping tool to analyze information such as avg income or elevation |
| Map must have | need title, underlined with ruler name at bottom right corner date at bottom right corner compass or north arrow scale (usually given) |
| earth layers | core, mantle, crust |
| mantle | molten liquid, magma |
| core | solid middle of earth |
| crust (where we live) | varies in height, up to 50km thick |
| Plates tectonics | earth plates are in constant motion |
| divergence | when two plates come apart, most common in oceans, creates new earth, most volcanos are on divergent plates |
| convergence | when one plate slides underneath another in a process called subduction, crust is melted |
| continental | creates mountains and ridges (including Everest) |
| transform | plates move roughly parallel to each other in opposite directions can result in dangerous earthquake generally in range of 5.5-7.5 |
| Canada's landforms | 3 main types, low lands, high lands and shield |
| Appalachian mountains | Atlantic, old, worn down by ice and water, around 1000m high, many types of forests, create glacial valleys |
| western cordillera | includes BC, Yukon and parts of Alberta. "rockies" separated by plateaus, around 3000m high, jagged (younger), glacial fed lakes, U shaped valleys |
| Intuition mountains | rugged peaks, around 2000m high, far north (Nunavut), too cold for trees |
| Great Lakes - St. Lawerence lowlands | southwestern Ontario, around the larger water areas, rolling irregular landscape with glacial hills, holds 60% of Canada's population, easy transportation |
| Hudson Bay lowlands | north Ontario and Manitoba, swamps and forests, flat |
| arctic lowlands | Nunavut area, short growing season, sparse vegetation, tundra, treeless and cold dry climate |
| interior plains | Alberta area, large sections of SK, Manitoba and NWT, soil is ideal for wheat growing and flat |
| Canadian shield | covers central Canada, 4 billion year old rocks, mostly carniforous forest, few areas suited for agriculture, many lakes |
| maritime climate | a climate with a temp range less than 25C and precipitation over 1000mm |
| continental climate | a climate with a temp range over 25C and less than 1000mm of precipitation |
| growing season | avg # of days of a year with a 24hr average temp of at least 6C |
| temp range | difference between highest and lowest temperature |
| Common GHG's | Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane, Nitrus oxide (N2O) |
| Carbon sink | when carbon is removed from the atmosphere and stored for a period of time |
| Carbon source | when carbon is added to the atmosphere (usually by burning it) |
| annual precipitation | total amount of precipitation throughout the whole year |
| LOWERN | Latitude, Ocean currents, Winds and air masses, Elevation, relief, Near water |
| Renewable resources | resources that can be regenerated if used carefully |
| non renewable resources | resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up |
| flow resources | resources that are replaced by natural actions and they must be used when and where they occur or be lost |
| natural sources | things found in total stock that people find useful |
| factory farm | mass production of farmed goods (meat and other products) usually by big corporations |
| Chinese head tax | Only Chinese affected,, continuously increased to decrease their immigration to Canada. 1895-50$, 1900-100$, 1903-500$, 1923-1947-banned all Chinese from immigrating |
| Japanese containment camps | in WW2, Canada was at war with Japan, treated all as enemy, relocated them to isolated locations in BC. Crowded housing, no electricity or running water, all their things and possessions were sold, most were born and raised Canadian |
| the St.Louis (1939) | boat came from Germany carrying 907 jewish refugees, went to many other countries where they were turned away (USA, Cuba) , Canada sent them away, boat returned to Germany and 294 jews died in concentration camps |
| Osoyoos in BC | Government took their best land and led them to poverty. They created attractions for their area and created jobs for themselves to escape poverty |
| James Bay Cree | made a land agreement, largest in history, was able to develop itself, stopped building of a large dam on their land, has many issues with success rate of youth |
| Scheffrville | destroyed by mining, received nothing, not allowed to discuss what happened on their land, took wealth from their land and left them with the waste |
| Manitoba Cree Nation | made a dam that destroyed their way of life, made extensive damage, were supposed to be consulted but weren't, had to pay large amount of money to own their own land. |
| Cree of Attawapiskat | have no money for education, do not have a good deal with diamond mine and make little money from it, not enough money for all kids to go to school, but have no jobs |
| Iqaluit Inuit | young pop., territory created in 1999 so they would have some control, languages recognized, metals found in area, people rely on government |
| Trade definition | Trade is the exchange of goods and services between one country and another. |
| Free trade | Free trade is a policy to eliminate discrimination against imports and exports. Buyers and sellers from different economies may voluntarily trade without a government applying tariffs, quotas, subsidies or prohibitions on goods and services. |
| Fair trade | Fair trade is an institutional arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions. |
| GDP | GDP represents the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation's geographic borders over a specified period of time. |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement, replaced by USMCA, an agreement between North American countries over trade |
| Manufacturing location factors | Environment, Cost of building, Workers available, climate, cost of transport, accessibility |
| Tariffs | The extra cost put on imports and exports |
| industry types | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| primary industries | take natural resources to convert them into useful things (logging, mining) |
| secondary industries | the manufacturing industry, (building furniture, making rings) |
| tertiary industries | the service industry, (selling furniture, selling rings or jewelry) |
| quaternary | planning for the future |
| Canada's population distribution | most people in Ontario, very few in northern territories, most near US border, near major waterways, |
| Canada's population growth | major cities are growing, as well as the entire population |
Created by:
Miraposluns
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