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life and physics ati
ati 6th edition study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. monomers, combine using simple dehydration reactions with other similar molecules to make biological large polymers called 2. the digestive process breaks down the bonds between monomers by 3. ____ monomers have the general formula CnH2nOn | 1. macromolecules 2. hydrolysis or adding water 3. carbohydrate |
| There are four types of macromolecules: | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| 1. ____ are proteins composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon, and are often referred to as “fats.” 2. ____ monomers are called amino acids. | 1. lipids 2. protein |
| ___ are an important class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction. | enzymes |
| ___ speed up reactions by lowering the energy required by the system to initiate the reaction. | enzymes |
| 1. exergonic means 2. endergonic means 3. Energy in living organisms is typically supplied and released as | 1. release energy 2. require energy 3. ATP |
| the two nucleic acids are | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are | nucleic acids |
| ____ is typically a double stranded helix, is found in chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, and stores hereditary information. | DNA |
| 1. DNA has four nitrogenous bases which are 2. RNA contains four nitrogenous bases which are | 1. adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine 2. adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil |
| 1. DNA contains ___ sugar 2. RNA contains __ sugar | 1. deoxyribose 2. ribose |
| RNA is typically a __ molecule | single-strand |
| ____ Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose. | carbohydrates |
| 1. ____ Involving absorption of heat. 2. ____ involving release of heat | 1. endothermic 2. exothermic |
| 1. ____ Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water. 2. ____ A molecule that contains a large number of atoms. | 1. lipids 2. macromolecules |
| 1. ____ A molecule that can bond to identical molecules to form a polymer. 2. _____ Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA. | 1. monomers 2. nucleic acids |
| 1. ____ A substance composed of similar units bonded together. 2. ____ Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. 3. the monomer for proteins are? | 1. polymer 2. proteins 3. amino acids |
| 1. the functions of proteins are? 2. the food example for proteins are? | 1. catalysis: enzyme, keratin and muscle structure, transport: hemoglobin, immune: antibodies 2. meat, egg whites |
| 1. the functions of carbohydrates are 2. the monomer example for carbohydrates are? 3. the food example for carbohydrates are | 1. structure: cellulose, chitin, storage: glycogen and amylose structure, recognition: glycoproteins, glycolipids 2. monosaccharides 3. bread, potatoes |
| 1. the monomer for lipids are 2. the function of lipids are 3. the food example for lipids are | 1. fatty acids 2. phospholipids: structure, adipose: storage 3. oils, butters |
| 1. the monomer for nucleic acids are 2. the functions of nucleic acids are 3. the food example for nucleic acids are | 1. nucleotides 2. Heredity: DNA and RNA regulation: RNA 3. found in small amounts of all food |
| 1. Genes are DNA-based codes, packaged in units called 2. ____ DNA) is a macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins. | 1. chromosomes 2. deoxyribonucleic acid |
| 1. These DNA Nucleotides letters are arranged in three-letter combinations to make 64 possible “words”, called 2. ____ is a “sentence” made of a specific order of codons that produces a protein. 3. ____ is a “chapter” linking sentences with “punctuation marks” that regulate where a gene starts and ends, and which genes are read in which cell. | 1. codons 2. gene 3. chromosome |
| DNA is composed of letters that are always in a specific order these pairs are? (2) | A-T and G-C |
| ___ One of two strands a chromosome divides into during mitosis. | chromatid |
| 1. ____ A structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA. 2. ____ The sugar obtained from DNA by hydrolysis. 3. ____ The material that contains genetic information. | 1. chromosome 2. deoxyribose sugar 3. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). |
| ___ A string of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity. | gene |
| ___ a noncovalent bond resulting from the attractive interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom. | hydrogen bond |
| 1. ___ The building block of DNA and RNA. 2. ___ the core of an atom | 1. nucleotide 2. nucleus |
| ____ A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms. | phosphate group |
| Before a cell divides, chromosomes can be copied to make two identical copies called | chromatids |
| 1. ___ was a 19th-century monk who bred peas to study how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. 2. __ traits are passed down from from parents to offspring through gametes (eggs or sperm) 3. ___ traits are those such as culturally influenced behavior | 1. gregor mendel 2. inherited 3. non inherited |
| ____ inheritance (mendels first law or law of segregation) refers to inheritance of a single trait, such as a flower color. | monohybrid |
| 1. homozygous can be dominant or recessive homozygous just means that they have the 2. having 2 different alleles on the two chromosomes are called | 1. same trait (ex. PP or pp) 2. heterozygous (Pp) |
| 1. ___ inheritance (mendel's second law or law of independent assortment) examines the two separates traits like flower color. (ex white, purple) 2. ___ a cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes. | 1. dihybrid 2. dihybrid cross |
| 1. __ refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait or present 100% of the time. 2. __ the genetic makeup of an individual (combination of two allesles) 3. ____ transmission of characteristics to offspring | 1. dominant 2. genotype 3. inheritance |
| 1. ___ inheritance of traits that follow gregor mendel's two laws and the principal of dominance 2. __ inheritance of traits that do not follow mendelian patterns of inheritance with simple dominance recessive for example blood (A, B. O) | 1. mendelian inheritance 2. non-mendelian inheritance |
| ___ physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and environment | phenotype |
| ___ refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait. Can disappear and reappear | recessive |
| ___ is the fundamental constituent of matter that retains the properties of an element | atom |
| ___ is the smallest unit that has a unique identity | atom |
| there are ____ known elements in the periodic table and __ occur naturally | 118, 92 |
| atoms are all composed of ___, ___, and ___, also known as _____. | protons, neutrons, and electrons, subatomic particles |
| 1. atoms undergo ____ by gaining or losing electrons to achieve stability 2. An atom’s properties can be inferred by its position on the periodic table, which relates to the number of _____ in its outermost shell | 1. chemical reactions 2. valence electrons |
| 1. charge and mass 2. Neutrons charge and mass 3. Electron charge and mass | 1. charge- +1 mass 1 2. charge- 0 mass- 1 3. charge- -1 mass-0 |
| 1. The numbers of neutrons in different atoms of the same element can vary, and these atoms are called 2. number of ___ gives the atomic number of an atom | 1. isotopes 2. protons |
| the number of __ plus ___ gives the atomic mass of the atom and each one only has a mass of ___ | protons plus neutrons, 1 |
| atoms are neutral and have equal numbers of ____ and ____ | protons and electrons |
| 1. The periodic table arranges atoms by increasing _____ (# of protons) 2. ____ on the periodic table are shown in decimal form to account for the natural abundance of the element’s various isotopes. | 1. atomic number 2. atomic masses |
| 1. ____ A negatively charged ion. 2. ____ The most basic complete unit of an element. 3. ____ A positively charged ion. 4. _____ A negatively charged atomic particle. | 1. anion 2. atom 3. cation 4. electron |
| 1. ______ A chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms. 2. _____ A column of elements in the periodic table 3. ____ . A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule. 4. _____ The bond between two oppositely charged ions. | 1. covalent bond 2. group 3. ion 4. ionic bond |
| 1. on the periodic table the periods go 2. on the periodic table the groups go | 1. down 2. across |
| 1. on the periodic table group 1-2 are considered 2. on the periodic table group 3-12 are considered 3. on the periodic table group 13-18 are considered 4. on the periodic table group 3-18 period 7-8 are considered | 1. s orbitals 2. d orbitals 3. p orbitals 4. f orbitals |
| 1. the s orbital can only accommodate max ___ electrons 2. the p orbital can only accommodate max __ electrons 3. the d orbital can only accommodate max ___ electrons 4. the f orbital can only accommodate max _____ electrons | 1. 2 2. 6 3. 18 4. 32 |
| 1. period 1 of the periodic table only has ____ orbital 2. period 2 of the periodic table only has ___ orbitals 3. period 3 of the periodic table only has __ orbitals 4. period 4 of the periodic table only has ____ orbitals | 1. s 2. s, p 3. s, p, d 4. s, p, d, f |
| 1. ____ are in the outermost shell of an atom, and participate in chemical reactions (or bonding). 2. atoms are most stable when they have a 3. charged atoms are called | 1. valence electrons 2. full valence shell 3. ions |
| 1. negatively charged ions are called 2. positively charged ions are called 3. Bonds that are formed by transfer of electrons between atoms are called | 1. anions 2. cations 3. ionic bonds |
| 1. compounds with _____ are soluble in water and conduct electricity. 2. two or more atoms sharing electrons to become more stable are called | 1. ionic bonds/compounds 2. covalent bonds |
| 1. ___ An atomic particle with no electric charge. 2. ____ An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found. 3. ___ One of seven horizontal rows in the periodic tables. | 1. neutron 2. orbital 3. period |
| 1. ___ The table of elements expressed as columns and rows. 2. ___ A positively charged atomic particle. 3. ____ An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms. | 1. periodic table 2. proton 3. valence electron |
| 1. ___ is the ratio of mass to volume. 2. the formula for density is | 1. density 2. g/cm^3 |
| 1. ___ the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapor (gas) 2. ___ characteristics of a material that presents during a chemical reaction or chemical change 3. ___ the passive movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration | 1. boiling point 2. chemical properties 3. diffusion |
| 1. ____ properties that depend on the size of the sample of a substance 2. ___ properties that do not depend on the size of the sample of a substance | 1. extensive properties 2. intensive properties |
| 1. ___ the ability of a metal to be shaped 2. __ the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid | 1. malleability 2. melting point |
| 1. ___ a type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons at equal distances from the atomic nuclei 2. ____ passage of fluid through a membrane 3. ___ observable properties of substance and those that can change the state without changing the identity of the substance ex: boiling water | 1. nonpolar 2. osmosis 3. physical properties |
| 1. ____a type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons are not at equal distances from the atomic nuclei 2. __ the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius | 1. polar 2. specific heat capacity |
| 1. ___ matter has definite volume and shape 2. ____ matter has definite volume but not a definite shape 3. ___ has no definite volume or shape 4. ____ the transition of liquid to gas when a substance has acquired enough thermal energy | 1. solid 2. liquid 3. gas 4. boiling |
| 1. ___ the transition of a gas to a liquid 2. ____ the temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance has the same density 3.___ the transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state 4. __ the transition of liquid to gas that happens with or without the substance acquiring enough thermal energy to reach its boiling point | 1. condensation 2. critical point 3. deposition 4. evaporation |
| 1. __ the transition of a liquid to a solid 2. __ is highly compressible 3. ___ a graph of physical states of a substance under varying temperature and pressure 4. ___ the transition of a solid to a liquid | 1. freezing 2. gas 3. phase diagram 4. melting |
| 1. ___ the transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state 2. ___ the temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substance coexist | 1. sublimation 2. triple point |
| 1. ___ ph greater than 7 2. ___ ph lesser than 7 3. ph of 7 is | 1. base 2. acid 3. neutral |
| 1. __ a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change 2. ___ mathematic representation of a chemical reaction 3. ___ a substance made of two or more elements | 1. catalyst 2. chemical equation 3. compound |
| 1. ___ pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances 2. __ a substance made of two or more elements 3. __ a substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst | 1. element 2. compound 3. enzyme |
| 1. __-a substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and basic oxides and hydroxides 2. ___ any element or substance that is not metal | 1. metal 2. non metal |
| 1. ___ the measure of acidity or alkalinity (amount of hydrogen ions (h+). 2. __ a chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation | 1. ph 2. salt |
| 1. centi is 2. deca is 3. hecta is 4. kilo is 5. milli is | 1. one hundredth 2. ten 3. one hundred 4. one thousand 5. one thousandth |
| 1. ____ A narrow cylinder used to measure liquid volume. 2. ___ measurement of distance from end to end 3. ___ measurement of volume | 1. graduated cylinder 2. length 3. liter |
| 1. __ is international system of unit 2. ___ amount of space something takes up 3. ____ A device used for precise measurement of small amounts of liquid. | 1. si units 2. volume 3. volume pipette |
| 1. _____ prejudice in favor of an idea 2. ___ based on observation 3. ___ a collection of information | 1. bias 2. empirical 3. data |
| 1. ___ an end judgement based on data 2. ___ a scientific systematic procedure to test a hypothesis 3. __ the element that makes something happen 4. __ the result of a cause | 1. conclusion 2. experiment 3. cause 4. effect |
| 1. ___ organization of cause and effect relationships 2. ___ something kept constant during and experiment 3. ____ what is measured in an experiment as a possible effect (EFFECT) 4. ___ an educated guess that serves as a starting point for further testing (CAUSE) 5. ___ something that changes | 1. sequencing 2. control variable 3. dependent variable 4. independent variable 5. variables |
| 1. a ___ produced energy for the cell. it contains genetic information for the mitochondrion only, not for the entire organism. 2. For DNA to RNA A joins to - T joins to - C joins to - | 1. mitochondrion 2. A- U T- A C - G |
| 1. every cell in the human body has these 3 parts 2. every cell has also has an additional structure called ___ that carry out metabolic life functions (also called ______ ) necessary to maintain the cell. | 1. plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus 2. organelles, cellular functions |
| 1. The ____ membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with _____. 2. The embedded _____ channels are specific for individual molecules in and out, making the membrane selectively ____. | 1. plasma, proteins 2. protein, permeable |
| 1. The ____ is the semi-fluid substance inside of the membrane that contains the organelles. 2. The ___is the most prominent organelle in the cell and is ___ in appearance. It is protected by a ___ membrane and contains genetic material in the form of the nucleic acid DNA, | 1. cytoplasm 2. nucleus, spherical, double |
| 1. ____- clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body. 2. ___ a large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes. 3. ____ processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement | 1. plasma 2. nucleus 3. cellular functions |
| 1. ___ a specialized part of a cell that as a specific function 2. the DNA encodes for all the proteins necessary for the cell and in turn the organism to carry out life functions. this is why the ___ is often referred to as the control center, or brain, of the cell. | 1. organelle 2. nucleus |
| 1. When new ___ are needed for growth or repair of tissues, the DNA is replicated in its entirety and the cell enters into the process of cell division or ____. 2. ___ cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosomes number as the parent cell. | 1. cells, mitosis 2. mitosis |
| 1. The rough _____ is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. 2. It is composed of ___, flattened ___ covered with ribosomes. 3. The ribosomes are the site of the synthesis of the protein that is encoded by the DNA in the ____. | 1. endoplasmic reticulum 2. parallel, sacs 3. nucleus |
| 1. The smooth _____ has no ribosomes and functions as the site of __ production and storage 2. Once proteins are made on the ribosomes of the rough ____, they are packaged in parts of the membrane into vesicles and transported to the ___. 3. after proteins are transported to the golgi complex the protein vesicles fuse with the golgi, where they are ___ and packaged and transported to where they are needed. | 1. endoplasmic reticulum, lipid 2. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex 3, modified |
| 1. the Golgi is often referred to as the ____ and ___ department of the cell. The Golgi is also responsible for packaging digestive __ within vesicles. 2. These vesicles of powerful digestive enzymes are known as ___ and are necessary for cellular metabolism or recycling of old cell materials | 1. manufacturing and shipping, enzymes 2. lysosomes |
| 1. For a cell to complete cellular processes, it must create usable cellular ____ from the energy stored in the __ of the foods human eat. 2. The __, and organelle often referred to as the ___ of the cell, changes food energy into usable cellular energy (ATP), via the process known as cellular ____. | 1. energy, chemical bond 2. mitochondria, power house, respiration |
| 1. The usable cell energy is _____ to power a contraction. 2. ___ a molecule that contains a large number of atoms 3. the human body is mostly water about __ by weight. 4. ___ carbohydrate polymers made of many sugar molecules | 1. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 2. macromolecules 3. 70% 4. polysaccharides |
| The small molecules in the cell are mostly of these four types ___, ___, ___, and ___. the rest of the body about 25% are ____ | sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleotides, macromolecules |
| there are three classes of macromolecules ___, ___, and ___ ever macromolecule is a __ built by linking together small subunits | polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, polymer |
| 1. ___ molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds 2. ___ long molecules made of nucleotides: DNA and RNA 3. ____ a substance composed of similar units bonded together | 1. proteins 2. nucleic acids 3. polymer |
| 1. ___ are built from sugar molecules. the bond that holds one sugar to the next is a __. 2. ___ a chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms. | 1. polysaccharides, covalent bond 2. covalent bond |
| forming a __ in a macromolecule requires an input of energy, which usually comes from the removal of a phosphate from ___ or a similar high-energy molecules. | covalent bond, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| ATP drives a water molecule from th e2 adjacent sugar molecules, enabling the ___ to form. Forming a __ by displacing a water molecule is called a ___ also called a ____. | covalent bond, covalent bond, dehydration reaction, condensation reaction |
| 1. you build proteins from 2. you build nucleic acids from 3. the function of a macromolecule is dependent on its | 1. amino acids 2. nucleotides 3. 3 dimensional shape |
| sugar, protein, and nucleic acids are macromolecules built by __ with an input of energy that drives __ to join together via ____. | dehydration, monomers, covalent bonds |
| 1. covalent bonds are strong and require an input of ___ to form 2. other bonds are noncovalent bonds called ___ and ____. 3. individual ____ are weak enough to form spontaneously but also easily break. | 1. energy 2. hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds 3. noncovalent bonds |
| 1. polysaccharides and sugars are better known as ____ 2. the analogous energy storehouse in animals and humans is 3. starch and glycogen are polymers made of | 1. carbohydrates 2. glycogen 3. glucose |
| The chemical reaction that converts a polymer of glycogen into monomers of glucose is called a _____ because molecules of water lyse the covalent bonds. | hydrolysis reaction |
| 1. ___ is essentially the opposite of a dehydration reaction 2. every protein is built from the same raw materials- ___ kinds of amino acids 3. The ___ are linked together by a dehydration reaction to form a covalent bond that is called a ____. | 1. hydrolysis 2. 20 3. amino acids, peptide bond |
| 1. a ___ is because some proteins are only functional when several protein subunits come together. 2. Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. For example virtually every chemical reaction in a cell and there are thousands is carried out by an ___. 3. nearly every enzyme is a protein that ___ (___) a chemical reaction by reducing the activation ___. | 1. subunit 2. enzyme 3. catalyzes (speeds up), energy |
| each monomer of RNA is a type of ___ called a ____ which is made up of a _____ linked on one side to a trio of phosphates and on the other side to a _____. | nucleotide, ribonucleotide, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base |
| 1. ____ fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water 2. ___ are sometimes grouped among the macromolecules, but lipids are not ___. This is because they are not built from monomers joined together via dehydration reactions. 3. ___ are a diverse set of molecules that are grouped together because of how they interact with water. | 1. lipids 2. lipids, polymers 3. lipids |
| 1. Lipids are ___ meaning they do not dissolve in water. This is because every lipid is made up mostly of ___-___ and ___-___ bonds. These types of bonds do not interact with water. 2. ___ store five times as much energy as a comparable amount of a carbohydrate | 1. hydrophobic, carbon-carbon, carbon-hydrogen 2. triglycerides |
| 1. a third class of lipids is steroids, which includes __ and the hormones __ and ___. 2. phospholipids and triglycerides are both made from the same components __ and ___. 3. __ are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid on one end. | 1. cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogens 2. fatty acids and glycerol 3. fatty acids |
| 1. __ is a type of sugar 2. some fatty acids are made entirely of single bonds between the carbon atoms such an arrangement is called a ___ 3. other fatty acids that contain a double bond between two of the carbon atoms are called ____. | 1. glycerol 2. saturated fatty acid 3. unsaturated |
| 1. in all cells and all cellular organisms, the molecule that carries information is __ 2. ___ also provides the blueprint or recipes for maintaining cellular function. | 1. DNA 2. DNA |
| 1. DNA is a maromolecule and a polymer made up of ___ linked together in a long chain. Monomers of DNA the ____ form __ bonds with one another. 2. Each ____ bond forms when a nucleotide in the growing DNA chain forms a bond with a free ____ via a dehydration reaction. The resulting covalent bond is called a ____ bond. | 1. monomers, nucleotides, covalent 2. covalent, nucleotide, phosphodiester |
| ___ a covalent bond that links two nucleotides together in a nucleic acid molecule. | phosphodiester bond |
| deoxyribonucleotide is a kind of ___; highly modified sugar that is the monomer found in ___. | sugar, DNA |
| the four DNA/ nucleotide bases are called ____ bases and they are ___, ___, ___, and ____. | nitrogenous, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| 1. DNA is made of two _____ - two long strands of nucleotides- wound around each other. 2. Hydrogen bonds are a type of ____ bond. 3. Adenine only hydrogen bonds with ____ 4. Guanine only hydrogen bonds with ___ | 1. polynucleotides 2. noncovalent 3. thymine 4. cytosine |
| The order of the bases on a strand of a DNA double helix encodes the information that enables cells to ____, ___, and _____. | function, adapt, and reproduce |
| 1. Nearly all of the DNA in human cell is packaged into the cells _____, a large organelle whose primary job is to sequester the DNA and its encoded information. 2. The complete set of genetic information in a cell is called its ____. 3. Humans possess ___ unique pieces of DNA. Each one is called a ____. each chromosome has a matching pair so humans have __ pairs of chromosomes. Humans have two copies of our __ inside the nucleus of every one of our cells. | 1. nucleus 2. genome 3. 46, chromosome, 23, genome |
| 1. If all the DNA from one human cell was stretched out it would be ___ long. An average human chromosome stretched out would be about ___ long. 2. The nucleus of a typical cell is approximately __ in diameter | 1. 6 feet (2 meters)2 inches (4 centimeters) 2. 6 microns |
| 1. chromosomes are called _ 2. ___ are sequences of DNA that encode something that the cell can use. Most often genes encode for __. 3. Some genes encode RNA molecules, like transfer RNA ____ and ribosomal RNA ____. | 1. genes 2. genes, proteins 3. trna, rrna |
| 1. genes are bound by proteins whose jobs are to decode the information in the gene or to control if and when a gene is decoded. This is called ____ 2. ___ are organisms that have a nucleus inside each cell. 3. non-gene DNA purpose is not clear so scientists refer to it as ____. | 1. regulatory binding sites 2. eukaryotes 3. junk DNA |
| 1. a gene is also a unit of ____. This means that genes that get passed from one generation to the next. 2. ___ are sentences within the DNA code and words are the ____. 3. ___ triplets of bases that each code for an amino acid | 1. heredity 2. genes, codons 3. codons |
| Because __ carry the instructions for making proteins or RNA and these molecules shape the traits of the whole ____, then faithfully transferring copies of these instructions ensures that he next generation inherits the traits that enabled their parents to survive. | gene, organism, |
| 1. there are ___ common amino acids that make up nearly every protein in nearly every organism on earth. 2. ___ the set of 64 codons that specify the 20 amino acids 3. DNA-->____-->____ | 1. 20 2. genetic code 3. RNA--> Protein |
| To make an __ copy from DNA gene, two hydrogen bonded strands of a double helix unwind near the beginning of the gene. Proteins then use one of the unwound DNA strands as a ___ and build a ___ of RNA. This is possible because of the ___ rules. | RNA, template, complementary strand, base-pairing |
| 1. A and __ base pair 2. G and __ base pair 3. instead of thymine RNA uses a similar molecule called ___. | 1. T 2. C 3. Uracil |
| 1. the RNA that is made of DNA strand is called ___ and it is a copy of a gene. 2. the mRNA exits the __ and binds to a _____. 3. ___ a protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis. | 1. Mrna (Messenger RNA) 2. nucleus, ribosome 3. ribosome |
| 1. ribosomes is a machine made of __ and ___. 2. a ribosome binds to the Mrna and reads each __ like it is reading a sentence, starting at the beginning of the gene and reading ____bases at a time until it gets to the end of the mRNA copy of the gene. | 1. protein and rRna 2. Codon, 3 |
| each codon is read by the ____, the codon is bound by a ___ that has an amino acid hooked to it. The ___ is transferred from its tRNA to a growing chain of amino acids that clings to the ribosome. | ribosome, tRNA, amino acid |
| 1. replication of the chromosomes happens during a phase of a process known as the ___ 2. another phase of the cell cycle that you might recognize is ___, when the replicated chromosomes line up in the ____ of the cell and then separate to the two __ of the cell before the cell divides down the middle. | 1. cell cycle. 2. mitosis, middle, poles |
| Replication of the chromosomes occurs during the __ phase of the cell cycle. Where each chromosome is ___, but initially the two duplicated remain attached to one another. Each duplicate in a chromosome pair is called a ____ and the pair of duplicates are called ____. | synthesis, duplicated, chromatid, sister chromatids |
| 1. Once the genome is completely duplicated, the the cell can enter ____. 2. ____ the state of carrying a pair of identical alleles of a gene (YY, or yy) 3. if the organism has a different alleles for a gene then it is ___ for that gene. (Yy) 4. the three allele pairs YY, yy, Yy are called ___ gene | 1. mitosis 2. homozygous 3. heterozygous 4. genotypes |
| 1. cells contain _ sets of chromosomes 2. the diploid state with chromosomes(n) is the same as saying 3. in mitosis a cells that is 2n(2 chromosomes) yields 2 new cells each being ___ | 1. 2 2. 2n (2 chromosomes) 3. 2n |
| 1. ___ cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell. 2. the duplicated chromosomes are organized and then separated from one another in a cell division process known as ___. | 1. mitosis 2. mitosis |
| 1. ___ fertilized g with full set of genetic material resulting from merging of egg and sperm nuclei. 2. the division process that produces gametes is called ___ 3. ___ formation requires 2 rounds of cell division, including 2 rounds of nuclear division but with only one round of __ replications. | 1. zygote 2. meiosis 3. gamete, DNA |
| the 2n chromosome diploid that undergoes meiosis, makes for ___ gametes (sperm or eggs) | haploid |
| The equal; distribution of alleles (genes) among the gametes is known as ____: the law of equal segregation | Mendel's first law |
| 1. ___ a cross between parents homogeneous at one specific gene 2. ___ a cross between parents heterozygous at 2 specific genes 3. Mendel's second law of inheritance is the law of | 1. monohybrid cross 2. dihybrid cross 3. independent assortment |
| Codominance within genes, some traits are shown equally for example | ABO blood |
| __ is a type of gene interaction in which the phenotype of a trait is the result of one gene's alleles affecting the alleles of another independently inherited gene. | epistasis |
| The 4 elements that make up the majority of living organisms are ___, ___, ___, ___. these chemical properties depend on the _____ of the elements smallest unit. | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, structure |
| 1. electrons are __ charged particles that move around the center of the atom in the regions known as ____. 2. neutrons have __ charge and protons are __ charged. 3. __ the table of elements expressed as columns and rows | 1. negative, orbitals 2. no, positive 3. periodic table |
| periodic table Fe= NA= | fe= iron na= sodium |
| 1. Period numbers are also the same as the number of ___ within each shell. Therefore, shell number 2 is the valence shell of an element in the __ period, and hat shell contains one subshell of __ orbitals. 2. elements in period 3 should have three subshells they are 3. ___ dont always have the same number of neutrons and protons. | 1. subshell, second, s 2. s, p, and d 3. isotopes |
| 1. orginally carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons but the isotope 14 carbon has __ protons and __ neutrons. 2. __ are used to identify the location of cancerous masses. 3. ___ properties of substances are observable characteristics that change without modifying the identity of the substance. | 1. 6 and 8 2. tracers 3. physical |
| 1. when hydrogen and oxygen atoms combine they form ___ 2. 0 kelvin= ___ C 3. heat is measured in the units of __ or ___. | 1. water 2. -273 3. calories or joules |
| 1. the phase of a substance depends on 2 conditions __ and ___. 2. __ is a state of matter composed of molecules in constant random motion 3. a ____ is any arrangement of 2 or more atoms bonded together | 1. temperature and pressure 2. gas 3, molecule |
| 1. ___ in a chemical equation, the substances on the left side of the equation; the starting materials in a chemical reaction 2. ___ in a chemical equation, the substances on the right side of the equation; the substances that are formed in a chemical reaction 3. ___ a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change. | 1. reactants 2. products 3. catalyst |
| 1. ___ in our digestive system decompose (or break down) the proteins into various amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds, which are absorbed into our blood and carried to cells throughout our body. 2. __ molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, without themselves being permanently chemically altered in process. | 1. enzymes 2. catalysts |
| 1. ___ a chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation 2. acid+base -> ___ + ____ 3. as temp increases molecules ___ | 1. salt 2. salt + water 3. move faster |
| 1. if temp rises then the rate of an __ reaction will increase 2. when the reaction is ___ (heat is a product) the reaction will slow down or the reverse reaction will prevail | 1. endothermic (heat is the reactant) 2. exothermic |
| 1. graduated cylinders are used for volumes ranging from __ to __ or ___ 2. graduated pipettes deliver from __ to __ and can easily dispense liquids in small increments. For high-precision work, __ are preferred. | 1. 10 ml, 1000,l, or 1L 2. 0.1 to 25ml, volumetric pipettes |
| 1. __ = speed of sound x time 2. __ collection of information 3. data in science is __, meaning that it was collected by observation through the senses rather than being theoretical or otherwise not derived from experience. | 1. distance 2. data 3. empirical |
| 1. ___ data is often collected without ___ meaning that it is the starting point for a scientific investigation that will eventually lead to a scientific experiment. 2. __ of an experiment is a way to test the reliability of experimental data. 2. | 1. empirical, control 2. repetition |
| 1. Scientific experiments are not designed to test ___, linked trends in data that are not causative. 2. data collection must be unbiased and the e data acquired must be accurate and only reflect the effect (or lack of effect) of the ___. | 1. correlations 2. independent variables |
| 1. a ___ means that two features of the natural world behave in an interrelated manner 2. ___ is an educated guess that serves as a starting point for further testing. it is an informed, logical, and plausible explanation of observations made about the natural which, which serves as the basis for additional experiment. | 1. correlation 2. hypothesis |
| 1. a ___ is a prediction. 2. a scientific experiment is based on a ___ or a ____. 3. in an experiment, typically only one ___ variable is manipulated or changed. this is called the _____. | 1. hypothesis 2. hypothesis, question 3. variable, independent variable |
| 1. the thing that potentially is affected by manipulating an independent variable is called a ___. 2. the variables that are kept the same between the control and experimental groups are called _____. 3. ___ energy used to do work | 1. dependent variable 2. control variables 3. mechanical |
| 1. ____ energy bonds in molecules store energy for later use 2. ___ energy is the energy of an object in motion 3. ___ energy is being transferred by waves in electric and magnetic fields. | 1. potential 2. kinetic 3. radiation |
| 1. _____- material being measured property and dependent on amount of material is an extensive property 2. ____- material being measured dependent on amount of material it is an extensive property 3. ____ material being measured ratio of material in a given volume it is an intensive property 4. ___ material being measured dependent on amount of material it is an extensive property | 1. mass 2. volume 3. density 4. length |
| 1. _____-use energy of the sun or chemicals to fix carbon into organic materials. The producer is seaweed 2. _____-herbivores and obtain their carbon and energy from organic materials fixed by producers. 3. _____-carnivores and obtain carbon and energy from organic materials from primary consumers 4. _____-predators and obtain their carbon and energy from organic materials from secondary consumers | 1. producer 2. primary consumer 3. secondary consumer 4. tertiary consumer |
| 1. skeletal muscle cells contain a high number of ___ because of the energy needed for movement. 2. ___ provides structural support and protection for the cell. 3. ___ uses photosynthesis to produce ATP and other sugars | 1. mitochondria 2. cell wall chloroplasts |
| 1. ___ aids in the transferring of materials and movements of whole cells. 2. ___ processes proteins 3. ___ holds all genetic information such as DNA and conducts the building of ribosomes | 1. cytoskeleton 2. golgi apparatus 3. nucleus |
| 1. ___ maintains cells environment through the process of selective permeability 2. ___ synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell 3. ___ synthesizes and processes lipid in the cell | 1. plasma membrane 2. rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| 1. when muscles are relaxed the myosin and actin filaments are not ___. 2. tow monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis to form _____ 3. ___ is a common disaccharide. | 1. attached. 2. disaccharides 3. sucrose |
| 1. ___ can take any form they can be linear, branched, or helix shaped 2. ______ is a major component in the rigid cell walls in plants. 3. branched carbohydrates such as glycogen and amylopectin function in ____. | 1. carbohydrates 2. cellulose 3. energy storage |
| ___ and ___ are molecules that contain carbohydrates and other macromolecules and they function in cell recognition | glycoproteins and glycolipids |
| ___ are subdivided into four groups: fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids. they are also insoluble in water. | lipids |
| fat molecules consists of a ____ backbone and 3 ___ | glycerol, fatty acid chains |
| the human body uses fats for ____ storage, ___ and ___. | energy storage, cushioning, and insulation. |
| 1. waxes are ____ and are used by living things to stay dry. 2. ____ are two fatty acid chains attached to a phosphate molecule. 3. one function of ___ is to form a semipermeable membrane around cells. | 1. hydrophobic 2. phospholipids 3. phospholipids |
| 1. ___ help to separate aqueous compartments in living things. 2. ___ often function as chemical messengers 3. enzyme activity is affected by environmental conditions such as ___ and ___. | 1. phospholipids 2. steroids 3. temperature and ph level |
| 1. the ____ site is where catalysis occurs. 2. ___ is produced and secreted by stomach cells and initiates protein digestion in the stomach. 3. ___ are polymers made of linked nucleotides that contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. | 1. active 2. pepsin 3. nucleic acids |
| 1. ____ have three components: a nitrogenous base, sugar, and a phosphate group. 2. ribosomes (rRNA) located in the cells ____ 3. ____ provides the catalytic environment necessary for peptide bonds to form. | 1. nucleotides 2. cytoplasm 3. ribosomes |
| 1. ___ are the site of protein synthesis from amino acid monomers. 2. errors in the sequence of nucleotides are referred to as ___ 3. chromosomes consist of DNA that winds around ___ proteins. | 1. ribosomes 2. mutations 3. histone |
| 1. organisms like ____ have a single circular chromosome, 2. researchers estimate that humans have about _____ genes. 3. ____ genes are converted into short-lived RNA message (mRNA) that is decoded by the ____ and assembled into proteins that build structures in living things. | 1. bacteria 2. 25,000 3. structural, ribosome |
| _____ genes control the expression of ___ genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through a protein intermediate. | regulatory, protein coding. |
| 1. offspring inherit _____ from their parents. 2. Mendel's third law is the ____ where the dominants gene always overtakes the recessive gene unless they have all recessive genes. 3. each parent contributes __ chromosomes | 1. factors 2. Mendel's third law 3. 23 |
| 1. when eggs and sperm fuse together this is called ___ 2. a ___ is a chart that can be used to determine the ratios of the genotypes of offspring from a reproductive cross 3. ____ tracks the inheritance of two different trains with a parental cross of two true-bleeding or homozygous (PP and pp) and end in a heterozygous (Pp) this is also known as mendel's law of ____ | 1. fertilization 2. Punnett square 3. dihybrid cross, independent assortment |
| 1. ____ relationships that lead to an intermediate ex: red and white make pink) 2. ____ relationships is where both dominances are expressed ex AB blood group both A and B proteins are dominant. 3. electrons exist in an ___ surrounding the nucleus. | 1. incomplete dominance-recessive 2. co-dominance 3. electron cloud |
| 1. ___ on the periodic table are shown in a decimal form to account for the natural abundance of isotopes. 2. ___ like helium and neon have full valence shells 3. atoms that are stable like helium and neon are also called ___ and they do not interact with other atoms because they are so stable | 1. atomic mass 2. noble gases 3. inert gases |
| 1. Gaining electrons typically happens in atoms with valences greater than __ and losing electrons typically happens in atoms with valences less than __. 2. ___ are typically formed between 2 p-block elements (p from periodic table) | 1. 4,4 2. covalent bonds |
| 1. _____ do not depend on the amount of the substance present ex: boiling point, melting point, luster 2. _____ can change depending on the amount of matter present ex: mass and volume | 1. intensive physical properties 2. extensive physical properties |
| 1. ___ means it has negatively charged (oxygen end) and positively charged (hydrogen end) side. 2. ___ is a measure of how well similar molecules stick to each other or group together | 1. polar molecule 2. cohesion |
| 1. __ molecules are cohesive because they are attracted to other water molecules. 2. water boils at | 1. water 2. 100c, 212F |
| 1. ___ and ____ are key processes for the transport of molecules through substrates and across membranes. 2. water is a ____, meaning substances ____ dissolve in it. 3. water moves from regions where solvent concentration is ___ to areas where solvent concentration is ___ | 1. diffusion and osmosis 2. solvent, solutes 3. high to low |
| 1. matter exists in four phases 2. above ___ (__k or ___C) molecules are in constant motion. | 1. solid, liquid, gas, and plasma 2. absolute zero (0k or -273C) |
| increasing ___ has a tendency to move the particles of matter ___, and increasing ___ has a tendency to pack them ___. | temperature, apart, pressure, close together. |
| 1. ___ matter has definite volume and shape. has a specific amount of matter and takes up a specific amount of space. 2. ___ matter has definite volume but no definite shape, meaning that it will conform to the shape of the container. 3. __ has no definite volume or shape. they are highly compressible and subject to changes in volume. | 1. solid 2. liquid 3. gases |
| 1. ___ is a change from solid to liquid. 2. _____ is a change from liquid to gas 3. ___ is a change from gas to liquid 4. ____ is a change from liquid to solid | 1. melting 2. boiling 3. condensation 4. freezing |
| 1. ____ occur when two or more atoms have interaction between electrons. 2. ___ tend to become positively charged cations 3. ____ become negatively charges anions | 1. chemical bonds 2. metals 3. non metals |
| 1. water and human blood are great examples of ___ solutions. 2. acids mixed with bases react with each other to produce __ and ___. 3. the human body uses chemicals called ___ to control the ph in the body. buffers can ___ excess H+ or OH. | 1. neutral 2. water and salt 3. buffers, absorb |
| 1. ____ maintain the proper ph of the body. 2. a ___ is the curve formed at the top of a liquid in response to its container. 3. the meniscus curve can be upward (___) 4. the meniscus curve can be downward (___) | 1. buffers. 2. meniscus 3. concave 4. convex |
| 1. the variable being tested is called the ____ 2. the variable being kept the same are called the ___ 3. variables that are kept the same in an investigation is called the ____ | 1. independent variable 2. controlled variable 3. control variable |
| 1. the x-axis of a graph is the ___ variable 2. the y axis of a graph is the ___ variable | 1. dependent 2. independent |
| when scientist submit their evidence to professional journals, where the investigation and data are reviewed this is called ____ | peer review. |
| ___ metric unit of mass | gram |
| 1. ____ the monomer of DNA and RNA 2. ___ a molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon | 1. nucleotide 2. organic molecule |
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