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MCRT Micro
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the six kingdoms compromising modern taxonomy? | Plantae, Protista, Animalia, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi |
| Why are fungi and protozoa referred to as eukaryotes? | They have a cellular structure with a well-defined nucleus, bounded by a nuclear membrane |
| State the gram stain procedure. | Bacteriologic staining procedure based on the ability of a bacterium to retain crystal violet stain when treated with alcohol |
| Which type of microorganisms contain the necessary biochemistry to sustain life and to allow for reproduction? | Bacteria |
| Based on the light microscope, define the three morphological groups into which bacteria are placed. | Cocci, bacilli, spirochetes |
| Define the term protoplast (spheroplast): | A bacterium with no cell wall |
| How many chromosomes are in a bacterial cell, and where is this genetic material located? | One, in the nucleoid region |
| Give two examples of obligate intracellular parasites | Rickettsia, Chlamydia |
| List two examples of bacteria that can be cultured only in animals. | Treponema pallidum and mycobacterium leprae |
| List two genera of gram-positive bacilli that produce endospores | Clostridium and bacillus anthracis |
| What is the pH range tolerated by medically important microbes? | 6-8 |
| What element, required for bacterial growth, can usually be supplied by glucose? | Carbon |
| Define the term generation time. | The time it takes for bacteria to divide into two |
| Define the term viability. | Microorganisms ability to grow and undergo cell division |
| Why should you consider generation time when studying the growth of bacteria in a clinical lab? | You have to give it enough time to see if it’s dividing and determine what it is |
| Identify five sites with which antimicrobials can interact to inhibit bacterial growth. | Disruption of cell membranes, interruption of intermediate metabolic pathways, & interference with: cell wall synthesis; protein synthesis; nucleic acid synthesis. |
| Identify five classes of chemical agents used as disinfectants. | Sanitization, pasteurization, iodophors, halogens, alcohols |
| Describe the process of pasteurization | The process of completely submerging equipment in heated liquid at 62 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes |
| What is pathogenicity? | The potential ability of an organism to cause infectious disease |
| Name one of three important concept of microflora? | To understand the protective and beneficial effects of the normal flora |
| When does normal flora begin? | At birth |
| Differentiate between molds and yeasts. | Molds are tubular shaped and yeasts are oval, unicellular shaped |
| Why are antibacterial drugs not effective against fungi? | It doesn’t contain peptidoglycan |
| What does heterotrophic mean? | They can’t synthesize carbs from raw carbon sources, they require preformed organic substances as nutrients to form energy |
| What are viruses? | Simplest form of microbes known and exist somewhere between the “living” and “nonliving” |
| Do all virions enter the cell? If not, how do they reproduce? | No, by inserting their genetic material into a permissible host. |
| List the basic steps of viral reproduction. | Attachment, insertion, un-coating, production of viral nucleic acids and proteins, assembly of virions, release |
| How do blood and body substance isolation (BSI) procedures differ from the universal procedures? | It is more procedure specific |
| In what year was the first case of AIDS reported? | 1981 |
| What is meant by the procedures called universal precautions? | Precautions taken to avoid contact with blood and body fluids regardless of their known infection status |
| What is the role of ribosomes in bacterial cells? | Synthesize proteins |
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