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Module 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A Band | one of the cross striations in striated muscle that contain myosin filaments and appear dark under the light microscope and light in polarized light |
| A Wave | Atrial contraction |
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter [C7H16NO2]+ released at autonomic synapses and neuromuscular junctions and formed enzymatically in the tissues from choline |
| Actin | "a cellular protein found especially in microfilaments (such as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | a phosphorylated nucleotide C10H16N5O13P3 composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis especially to ADP |
| Adrenergic | "liberating |
| Adrenomedullin | Powerful vasodilatory activity |
| Afferent Vessels | carry lymph to the nodes |
| Afterload | the resistance to ejection during systole |
| Aldosterone | "stimulates reabsorption of sodium |
| Angiogenesis | "Growth of new vessels that branch from existing vessels ; Branching of small vessels |
| Angiography | fluoroscopically visualizes the coronary arteries |
| Angiotensin II | vasoconstrictor |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Increases blood volume by reabsorption of water from tubular fluid in the distal tubule and the collecting duct of the nephron |
| Aorta | the great arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body |
| Aortic Semilunar Valve | aortic valve |
| Arterial Receptors | "chemoreceptors; Are sensitive to oxygen |
| Arterial Stiffening | Cross-linking of collagen; Increased collagen; Changes in elastin; |
| Arteries | Carry blood away from the heart |
| Arteriogenesis | "Branching from larger vessels |
| Arteriography | the radiographic visualization of an artery after injection of a radiopaque substance |
| Arterioles | any of the small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries |
| Atrial Fibrillation | very rapid uncoordinated contractions of the atria of the heart resulting in a lack of synchronism between heartbeat and pulse beat |
| Atrial Receptors | "chemoreceptors; Are sensitive to oxygen |
| Atriocentricular Valves (Avs) | One-way flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles |
| Atrioventricular (AV) Node | a small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region of higher vertebrates through which impulses from the sinus node are passed to the ventricles |
| Automaticity | Property of generating spontaneous depolarization to threshold |
| Autoregulation | Enables organs to regulate blood flow by altering the resistance in its arterioles |
| Bainbridge Reflex | changes in heart rate from intravenous infusions |
| Baraoreceptor | a sensory nerve ending especially in the walls of large arteries (such as the carotid sinus) that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure |
| Baroreceptors | Reduce blood pressure to normal by decreasing cardiac output and peripheral resistance; Can also increase blood pressure when needed |
| Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve | two leaflets or cusps |
| Biochemicals | "characterized by |
| C Wave | Bulging of the mitral valve into the left atrium |
| Calcium | troponin complex facilitates the contraction process; a metallic chemical element of the alkaline-earth group that occurs naturally only in combination and is essential to cellular functions in all known organisms |
| Capillaries | Exchange fluids between the blood and interstitial space |
| Cardiac Action Potentials | Transmission of electrical impulses |
| Cardiac Cycle | the complete sequence of events in the heart from the beginning of one beat to the beginning of the following beat : a complete heartbeat including systole and diastole |
| Cardiac Output | the volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute |
| Cardioinhibitory | interfering with or slowing the normal sequence of events in the cardiac cycle |
| Cardiovascular Disease | Is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults |
| Cardiovascular Vasomotor Control Center | Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers |
| Carotid Artery | Two main arteries that supply blood to the head of which the left in humans arises from the arch of the aorta and the right by bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery with each passing up the side of the neck and dividing opposite the upper border of th |
| Catheterization With Angiography | Is an invasive procedure of fluoroscopy and strict sterile techniques into the heart |
| Chemoreceptors | a sense organ (such as a taste bud) responding to chemical stimuli |
| Chronotropy | increases the heart rate |
| Circumflex Artery | either of two arteries that branch from the deep femoral artery or from the femoral artery itself: |
| Coagulation | the process of becoming viscous or thickened into a coherent mass : the forming of clots (as in blood or cream) : the process of coagulating |
| Collagen | any of a group of fibrous proteins that occur in vertebrates as the chief constituent of connective tissue fibrils and in bones and yield gelatin and glue upon boiling with water |
| Collateral Arteries | "Are connections |
| Computed Tomography (Ct) | radiography in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of plane cross-sectional images made along an axis |
| Coronary Artery | either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself |
| Coronary Circulation | Supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the myocardium |
| Coronary Perfusion Pressure | Is the difference between pressure in the aorta and pressure in the coronary vessels |
| Coronary Veins | Coronary sinus; Great cardiac vein |
| Cross-Bridge Cycling | Attachment of actin to myosin at the cross bridge |
| Decreased Afterload | heart contracts more rapidly |
| Deoxygenated | having the hemoglobin in the reduced state |
| Depolarization | Depolarization; Inside of the cell becomes less negatively charged |
| Diastole | a rhythmically recurrent expansion |
| Diffusion | the state of being spread out or transmitted especially by contact : the action of diffusing |
| Doppler Ultrasonography | Uses a microphone that amplifies and records the sounds made by blood flowing in the peripheral vessels |
| Dysrhythmias | an abnormal rhythm |
| Echocardiography | the use of ultrasound to examine the structure and functioning of the heart for abnormalities and disease |
| Efferent Vessels | carry lymph away from the nodes |
| Ejection Fraction | Is the amount of blood ejected per beat |
| Elastic Arteries | contain more elastic fibers than smooth muscle fibers; absorb energy and stretch |
| Elastic Fibers | a thick very elastic smooth yellowish anastomosing fiber of connective tissue that contains elastin |
| Elastin | a protein that is similar to collagen and is the chief constituent of elastic fibers |
| Electrical Excitation | which increases membrane permeability to calcium |
| Electrocardiogram | the tracing made by an electrocardiograph ; |
| Electrocardiograph | an instrument for recording the changes of electrical potential occurring during the heartbeat used especially in diagnosing abnormalities of heart action |
| Electrophysiology | Provides an in-depth evaluation of electrical conduction |
| Endocardium | innermost layer |
| Endothelial | an epithelium of mesodermal origin composed of a single layer of thin flattened cells that lines internal body cavities and the lumens of vessels |
| Endothelium | Derived Relaxing Factor |
| Epicardium | outer smooth layer of heart |
| Epinephrine | "a crystalline sympathomimetic hormone C9H13NO3 that is the principal blood-pressure raising hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands |
| Excitation Contraction | "Is the process by which an action potential triggers the cycle of events |
| Fenestrations | "the arrangement |
| Fibrinolysis | the usually enzymatic breakdown of fibrin |
| Fibrous | "containing |
| Frank-Starling Law | a statement in physiology: the strength of the heart's systolic contraction is directly proportional to its diastolic expansion with the result that under normal physiological conditions the heart pumps out of the right atrium all the blood returned to it |
| Heart Rate | the rate at which the heart beats ; beats per minute by the stroke volume |
| Hematocrit | the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood as determined by separation of red blood cells from the plasma usually by centrifugation |
| Hormones | a product of living cells that circulates in body fluids (such as blood) or sap and produces a specific often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells usually remote from its point of origin |
| Humoral | "of |
| Hypoxia | a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body |
| I Band | "a pale band across a striated muscle fiber that consists of actin |
| Increased Afterload | slows contractions and increases work load |
| Infarction | injury or death of tissue (as of the heart or lungs) resulting from inadequate blood supply especially as a result of obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus : the process of forming an infarct |
| Inotropy | force of the myocardial contraction |
| Intercalated Disks | Specialized intercellular junctions |
| Ischemia | deficient supply of blood to a body part (such as the heart or brain) that is due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood |
| Isovolumetric | "of |
| Kidneys | "one of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism |
| Laminar Flow | Occurs when concentric layers of molecules move “straight ahead” |
| Laplace's Law | Contractile force within a chamber depends on the radius of the chamber and the thickness of its wall |
| Left Atrium | "a small vein that passes obliquely down the posterior surface of the left atrium |
| Leukocytes | "any of the colorless blood cells of the immune system including the neutrophils |
| Liver | a large very vascular glandular organ of vertebrates that secretes bile and causes important changes in many of the substances contained in the blood (as by converting sugars into glycogen which it stores up until required and by forming urea) |
| Lungs | one of the usually paired compound saccular thoracic organs that constitute the basic respiratory organs of an air-breathing vertebrate |
| Lymphatic Duct | any of the lymphatic vessels that are part of the system collecting lymph from the lymphatic capillaries and draining it into the subclavian veins by way of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct |
| Lymphatic | "of |
| Lymphocyte | "any of the colorless weakly motile cells originating from stem cells and differentiating in lymphoid tissue (as of the thymus or bone marrow) that are the typical cellular elements of lymph |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | a noninvasive diagnostic technique that produces computerized images of internal body tissues and is based on nuclear magnetic resonance of atoms within the body induced by the application of radio waves;Depicts the anatomy and physiology of the great blo |
| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) | the average pressure in the arteries ; calculated by using systolic and diastolic pressures in a formula throughout the cardiac cycle |
| Mediastinum | Area where the heart is located; Area above the diaphragm and between the lungs |
| Membrane Potential | the potential difference between the interior of a cell and the interstitial fluid beyond the membrane |
| Membranous | "of |
| Metabolic | "of |
| Mitochondria | "any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus |
| Murmur | a half-suppressed or muttered complaint; a low indistinct but often continuous sound ; a soft or gentle utterance |
| Muscle Fibers | any of the elongated cells characteristic of muscle |
| Muscle Pump | pushes blood back to the heart |
| Muscular Arteries | contain fewer elastic fibers and more muscle fibers; can contract (vasoconstriction) and relax (vasodilation). |
| Myocardial Cells | Nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells; |
| Myocardial Contractility | "Change in the tension occurs at a given resting fiber length; Contraction occurs when the sarcomere shortens |
| Myocardial | the middle muscular layer of the heart wall |
| Myocardial Metabolism | Myocardial oxygen consumption |
| Myocardium | thickest layer of cardiac muscle; the middle muscular layer of the heart wall |
| Myofibrils | any of the longitudinal parallel contractile elements of a muscle cell that are composed of myosin and actin |
| Myoglobin | a red iron-containing protein pigment in muscles that is similar to hemoglobin |
| Myosin | a fibrous globulin of muscle that can split ATP and that reacts with actin in muscle contraction to form actomyosin |
| Natriuretic Peptides | "Cause loss of sodium |
| Negative Chronotropy | decreases heart rate |
| Negative inotropic agents | decrease the force of contraction |
| Negative Inotropy | decreases force of contraction |
| Nitric Oxide | a colorless poisonous gas NO formed by oxidation of nitrogen or ammonia that is present in the atmosphere and also in mammals where it is synthesized from arginine and oxygen and acts as a vasodilator and as a mediator of cell-to-cell communication (as be |
| Norepinephrine | "a monoamine C8H11NO3 that is a neurotransmitter in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and in some parts of the central nervous system |
| Oxygentation | "to impregnate |
| P Wave | atrial depolarization |
| Parasympathetic System | "the part of the autonomic nervous system that contains chiefly cholinergic fibers |
| Paratracheal | adjacent to the trachea |
| Parietal | surface layer |
| Pericardial Cavity | Space between the parietal and visceral layers |
| Pericardium | Double-walled membranous sac |
| Peripheral Resistance | Is primarily a function of the diameter of the arterioles; Vessels are arranged in series (greater resistance) or in parallel (lesser resistance) |
| Peripheral Vascular System | Systemic circulation that supplies the skin and the extremities |
| Permeability | the quality or state of being permeable |
| Physiologic Changes | Myocardial and blood vessel stiffening; Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone; Increased occurrence of atrial fibrillation; Loss of exercise capacity; Left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis |
| Positive Chronotropy | increases heart rate |
| Positive inotropic agents | increase the force of contraction |
| Positive Inotropy | increases force of contraction |
| PR Interval | time from the onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular activation |
| Preload | Is the volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole; Is also called ventricular end-diastolic volume (VEDV) and ventricular end-diastolic pressure (VEDP); Is determined by two primary factors Amount of venous return to the ventricle |
| Blood left in the ventricle after systole or end-systolic volume; When preload exceeds physiologic range | further muscle stretching causes a decline in cardiac output" |
| Pressure | Force is exerted on a liquid per unit area. |
| Progenitor | a biologically ancestral form |
| Prostaglandins | any of various oxygenated unsaturated cyclic fatty acids of animals that are formed chiefly by the action of cyclooxygenase on arachidonic acid and perform a variety of hormonelike actions (as in controlling blood pressure or smooth muscle contraction) |
| Pulmonary Arteries | Transport unoxygenated blood from the right heart to the right and left lungs; Branch into pulmonary capillaries |
| Pulmonary Circulation | the passage of blood from the right side of the heart through arteries to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and is returned to the left side of the heart by veins |
| Pulmonary Valve | a valve consisting of three semilunar cusps separating the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle |
| Pulmonary Veins | a valveless vein that returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
| Pulsation | rhythmical throbbing or vibrating (as of an artery) |
| Pulse Pressure | Is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures |
| Purkinje Fibers | "any of the modified cardiac muscle fibers with few nuclei |
| QRS Complex | sum of all ventricular depolarizations |
| QT Interval | “electrical systole” of the ventricles |
| Radiopaque Dye | "can be injected through intravenous or intraarterial catheters to allow for the visualization of the internal structure |
| Refractory Period | Heart muscles cannot contract; Ensures that diastole (relaxation) will occur; Completes the cardiac cycle |
| Repolarization | restoration of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell membrane following depolarization |
| Resistance | Is the opposition to blood flow; Diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance; Vessel radius or diameter greatly affects resistance. |
| Rhythmicity | the state of being rhythmic or of responding rhythmically |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle and skeletal striated muscle that functions especially as a storage and release area for calcium |
| Semilunar Valves | One-way flow from the ventricles to either the pulmonary artery or to the aorta |
| Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (Spect) | evaluates coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia during stress testing. |
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node | Pacemaker of the heart; Intranodal pathways |
| ST Interval | ventricular myocardium depolarized |
| Stemlike | resembling or sharing the function of a stem |
| Stress Testing | "an electrocardiographic test of heart function before |
| Stroke Volume | Volume of blood ejected during systole |
| Subclavian | "of |
| Sympathetic Nerves | a nerve of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Sympathetic System | "the part of the autonomic nervous system that contains chiefly adrenergic fibers and tends to depress secretion |
| Systole | a rhythmically recurrent contraction |
| Tubules | a small tube |
| Technetium Scanning | Provides “hot spot” using nuclear scanning |
| Thoracic | "of |
| Tricuspid Valve | three leaflets or cusps |
| Troponin | a protein of muscle that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin and that when combined with calcium ions permits muscular contraction |
| Tunica Externa (Adventitia) | Outermost or external layer |
| Tunica Intima | Innermost or intimal layer |
| Tunica Media | Middle or medial layer |
| V Wave | Filling of the atrium from the peripheral veins |
| Vagus Nerve | either of the 10th pair of cranial nerves that arise from the medulla oblongata and supply chiefly the viscera especially with autonomic sensory and motor fibers |
| Vasculogenesis | Growth of vessels from progenitor or stemlike cells that originate in the bone marrow and other body tissues |
| Vasoconstriction | narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels |
| Vasoconstrictor | an agent (such as a sympathetic nerve fiber or a drug) that induces or initiates vasoconstriction |
| Vasodilation | widening of the lumen of blood vessels |
| Vasomotion | alteration in the caliber of blood vessels |
| Veins | Carry blood to the heart; are thin walled and fibrous with a large diameter; Are more numerous than arteries; Do not recoil after distention as quickly as arteries; Some contain valves; |
| Velocity | distance blood travels in a unit of time |
| Venae Cava | any of the large veins by which in air-breathing vertebrates the blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart |
| Venography | "radiography of a vein after injection of an opaque substance; Radiopaque dye can be injected through intravenous or intraarterial catheters to allow for the visualization of the internal structure |
| Venous | "of |
| Venous Pressure | Volume of fluid in the veins; Compliance (distensibility) of the vessel walls |
| Venous Return | the flow of blood from the venous system into the right atrium of the heart |
| Ventricle | a cavity of a bodily part or organ: such as; a chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries |
| Ventricular | "of |
| Venules | a small vein |
| Visceral | inner layer |
| Viscosity | Thick fluids move more slowly and cause greater resistance to flow than thin fluids; High hematocrit reduces the flow through the blood vessels |
| Waveform | a usually graphic representation of the shape of a wave that indicates its characteristics (such as frequency and amplitude) |
| X Descent | Ejection of blood from both ventricles |
| Y Descent | Flow of blood into the right ventricle |
| Z Lines | any of the dark thin bands across a striated muscle fiber that mark the junction of actin filaments in adjacent sarcomeres |
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